Benjamin Franklin Essay Example for Free

Benjamin Franklin EssayFounding father Benjamin Franklin once said, The way to see faith is to exclude the eye of reason. Theists for thousands of years pay shut their eyes to reason and blindly followed the word of those who would gain them believe in false gods. Reason demonstrates, through outlets such(prenominal) as Occams Razor, the lack of a need for the human race of those gods and the shortcomings of theists in attempts to prove their faith. Such shortcomings most prominently come in the failure to bequeath empirical data for the existence of gods, in fact, experimentation and observation show otherwise. To accomp whatsoever a lack of need and a lack of evidence, because faith causes hotshot to turn a blind eye to reason, arguments for theism are often weak, personal, and circumstantial at best, and potentiometer be easily negated. Reason, a lack of evidence, and weak arguments go on mankind only one option in regards to belief in the supernatural no god or god s actually exist. Occams Razor non only establishes the falsehood of a requirement for gods, but also shifts the burden of proving the existence of gods unto the theorists.In blunt terms, the Razor states that, All other things being equal, a fairr explanation is preferred over a thickening one (Krauss). Therefore, entities should non be multiplied unnecessarily, so the simplest of theories should be chosen before the most complex and that the incomprehensible should first be measured in known quantities (Krauss). A deity, while providing a simple meta corporal escape for the absence of evidence, adds a overplus of unneeded layers of complexity to the creation of the universe.The addition of a supreme being to the equation not only dismantles established laws of physics, but creates a type of pyramidic scheme to the universal hierarchy, with the deity at the top, as its influence can butterfly out to touch everything in existence and possibly altering its physical properties. The metaphysical effect of a deity on the physical world would have unimaginable effect on known forces and constants, creating a faucet that streams unknown quantities.Fortunately, Occams Razor conveys that without empirical data solving some of those unknowns, in that respect is no need to add a god to the equation and the deity can be dismissed (Krauss). To stack on the allowance of a dismissal of gods by the Razor, Occam also requires that the burden of proof of gods falls to theists. Without a need for a god, one mustiness not assume without evidence that a deity exists, just as one would not assume a Minnie Mouse teapot floats amidst the Earth and Mars without empirical proof of its existence (Krauss).Therefore, if there is no need for a god, then theists must provide tangible confirmation demonstrating the existence of such a being in order for a reasonable person to feel the need to believe in it (Myers). If the theists, on the other surpass are unable to provide tangi ble confirmation, then the majority are fundamentally asking the world to follow their religion without a need for god, without proof, and on the terms that the church comprehends all there is to know of the universe. In the end, thanks to Occams Razor, in order for the thesis to stand atheists need not overthrow the idea of gods, as one cannot prove a negative.They need only to disprove (or prove the absence of) the evidence supporting theism. The sacred throughout register have failed to provide empirical data for the existence of gods in fact, experimentation and observation shows otherwise. Theism ultimately provides no factual evidence indicating the existence of a god or multiple gods. The so-called strongest proof for the presence of the supernatural lies almost constitutionally in the realm of unreliable personal experiences (Faust 72). Theists pass on often introduce that they know of their gods through personal communication or through the feeling of their presence in the world.This idea inspires quite the opposite of the confidence in idol the religious are trying to demonstrate by sharing that information. What the concept of feeling gods or having them speak to a person is not only condoned as ludicrous by those who do not partake in the lie, but if true indicates something that drifts very nearly toward borderline mental illness. Those who believe their gods speak to them should not be granted any immunity other schizophrenics are not and need to be admitted into a psychiatric ward.The thought that personal experience that cannot and has not been processed through a reasonable scientific experimental procedure can take the place of real evidence is one shared merely by theists. The world does not so lightheartedly admit untested and inconstant variables such as personal experiences because no one who logically assesses the facts could morally do so. The nonreligious portion of the Earths population does not recognize personal experience as a viable form of evidence for anyone besides theists (Faust 72). This arises from the sentiment that these experiences claimed by the religious are not comparable to witness accounts r recollection of victims in the court of law. Unlike in the case of witness accounts and recollections, theists demand that the supernatural feelings they have be classified as stand-alone evidence without empirical data or essentially a case to back it up (Faust 74). This form of proof cannot stand by itself, especially when one takes into consideration the fact that these experiences happen so little and with so little correlation to any direct event or circumstance that when compared with the rest they produce an insignificant number (Faust 75).Not to mention of course, that any witness account in a case must be taken with a grain of salt, as one can never be certain they are telling the fairness without the backing of empirical data. In a vain attempt to denounce alternatives to supernatural creation theists often cling to the proud notion that if they can invite a single flaw in an important scientific scheme, such as natural selection or evolution, then the entire case of the nonexistence of god collapses (Dawkins 51).First, as turn up earlier in the paper, the burden of proof is on the theists, so even if theists can disprove every scientific possible action they must still prove theirs (Dawkins 53). Second, a scientific theory must be show to be fundamentally flawed in order for it to collapse. A few issues in the theory simply shows that there is a small amount of data missing or that a certain aspect must be corrected, both of which existences would serve to further the theory (Dawkins 53).The distinct difference between science and religion is that the scientific method of proposing a theory allows for the theory to change and adapt according to what is observed, meaning the core of the idea is what needs to collapse for it to be incorrect, not the random out liers and exceptions picked on by theists. Conclusively, unlike religious arguments, scientific theory is based on observation and change and therefore need to be proven fundamentally wrong to be publically denounced. Atheists have all heard it before, Complexity, complexity, complexity, complexity, complexity.Did you know that a cell is really complex? Complexity, complexity, complexity, and you are just going to be blown away by the Trilobites. It crazy, theyre like little machines. Complexity. Therefore, design. The argument of complexity through intelligent design is another tidbit of supposed empirical data theists put forth in an effort to provide physical evidence for the existence of gods (Myers). This contention is one of the main, and essentially their only, religious attempts to put forth empirical data which scientists can measure. The entire idea of complexity indicating design is in every sense ridiculous.The notion can be dispelled by observing the known world and wa tching nature, or even humans, create complex structures by chance or accident. Take for example, a young boy who tires of playing with a stick and throws it into a near creek. The stick floats downstream until it gets caught between two rocks at a narrow, and begins to catch other debris floating by. Eventually a variety of different types of objects will form a natural dam in the creek, creating a small pond, which in turn can develop its own eco body filled with life broad the illusion of design, but being completely natural (Myers).As shown in the example, the complexity of the world derived not from design, but from the wonder of chance, evolution, and natural selection. Over hundreds of millions of years life has slowly developed and pieced itself together much like the dam, changing and adapting to conditions and lifestyles on Earth (Myers). The extreme complexity through which the systems of life today locomote is derived from the natural selection aspect of evolution, if a system does not work, or fails to quickly adapt, then the system is eliminated time and time again until a system that operates survives (Myers).The argument of complexity solely resides in world of fantasy, has no scientific basis, and should be disregarded as viable physical evidence. Full well cognize how pitiful the points of the argument of intelligent design are, theists look to one final, very childish, measure to save their drowning plight, questioning the validity of science and the scientists who propose it (Mathew 1). Worshippers have large tried to poke holes in important theories such as natural selection and evolution or convince people to dismiss them as simple guesses by scientists (Mathew 1).On the receiving end of most of this ill-informed ridicule rests a creationists worst enemy, the theory of evolution. According to many theists, evolution cannot be as there are, so pompously pointed out, several gaps in the evolutionary chain (Dawkins 52). Not only does th is not affect the validity of a theory as proved earlier, but is entirely untrue. Fortunately in this world there stands a concept known as a universal constant, a constant essentially keeps humans from testing if the floor will hold them every time they leave bed, or if the stove is hot when the on light is on, or allowing them to understand if they ump from a building they will die.These constants allow mankind to make a series of assumptions that make up nearly every decision in an average day. These assumptions permit humans to deduce situations such as that if a malicious looking blood-soaked man leaves a room with a knife in hand and a body is found that the man was the murderer. The same idea transfers to the concept of evolution in the regard that scientists, with proper reasoning and motive, can carry on the theory across gaps in the chain and still hold a fair evidence base.This utilization of basic skills as assumptions paired with evidence to prove them, along with ear lier points of scientific theories abilities to withstand isolated flaws dishonors theist attempts to put science to the question. Not only do the religious weakly attempt to discredit scientific theory and method, but they often will question the religious background of scientists in an effort to win people over to their side (Mathew 4). perchance the two most famous cases of the abuse of character are that of Albert Einstein and Charles Darwin.For ages now religious fanatics such as Ray Comfort have deprave their work by releasing edited copies of their books and mining for quotes that will purposely mislead the common citizen into believing the scientists were theist. For example, Ray Comfort puts forth this quote well-nigh Einstein, I believe in Spinozas God who reveals himself in the orderly harmony of what exists Comfort removed the quote completely from context in order to misconstrue its true meaning (Mathew 4).Spinozas God is not a god at all, but a term employ to sum u p the forces of the universe into a word. Einstein in that very paragraph went on to describe how he does not believe in a god who concerns himself with the fates and actions of humans (Mathew 4). Einstein even addressed this kind of misleading material in his own day writing statements denouncing those who claimed him as a worshipper in God, It was of course, a lie what you read about my religious convictions, a lie which has been systematically repeated (Mathew 4). Zealots like Comfort also release cautiously crafted versions of great works like Darwins Origin of Species in which Darwin claims that he finds it hard to believe that something as astounding as the human eye could have developed through chance, neglecting to add the parts right in which Darwin continues to say that despite this, reason suggests that its true (Mathew 5).The attempt to discredit science and scientists by theists is ignominious and such a ersonal attack in an impersonal topic alone should be grounds to dismiss the claim. Overall, theists have repeated neglected to present any actual empirical data, therefore have no proof of the existence of gods, and must resort to metaphysical or personal claims. Not only do Occams Rule and the absolute lack of empirical evidence disprove the idea of gods, but what arguments theists do rely on are weak, individual, and circumstantial at best, and can all be easily negated.One of these arguments for theism is the existence of morality and the correlation of morals throughout the world and history (Hauser et al 1). This can be easily negated as, put simply, atheists are the perfect example of how this cannot be true. Without guidance and belief in gods they are just as morally good as any religious person (Hauser et al 2).

Religious Service Essay Example for Free

Religious Service EssayFor my last response paper, I unflinching that I treasured to attend a Jewish service. Since I had missed the pre arranged field trip to go with the school, I decided that I would overhear a booster station, and make a day out of driving up to Park City to go to the Temple Har Shalom. We set off on our forty minute drive, and fin tout ensembley came upon the Temple. The temple itself was rattling intriguing to the eye, it was a mix of brick and what looked like maple woodwind, the architecture was interesting and had a very modern feel to it. The at heart was beautiful, and very spacious. There were chairs set up and tables, and fire places, of course there were Israeli flags hanging from different locations.When we first got in, we first just walked around and marveled at how modern and clean the temple felt. People were starting to come in, and greet each other. It was obvious that the community was very close everyone seemed to know one another. My friend and I were immediately picked out as being visitors, and so some people came to us and wanted to know who we were, and what we were doing there. Upon hearing my reason for being at the temple, a man kindly offered to first explain to us a little about what was deprivation on. First of all he began to tell us that every synagogue must wee-wee three things in order for it to be considered holy. One of these things is the Ark, the cabinet where the Torah scrolls are kept. The second thing is a recourse lamp or an altar lamp a light that shall burn continuously. The third thing he mentioned was a 7 branched candelabrum, or menorah.We walked into where the service was being held, and considering that this proper(postnominal) temple is one of the largest in the state, the room was huge. I was told that the congregation was made of over 300 Jewish families, and there was room for everyone to be comfortable. The pews were set up, and they were all blue behind the rows of pews, blue single chairs were set up. The chairs were all set up to face the ark, which was surrounded by beautiful, white blue and grey brick flavor trade name glass. Again the building is very new and modern, so the lights where very interesting shaped, they reminded me of tire wheels. The wall on the side of the room had slits of the same stain glass that surrounded near the front of the room where the arc resided. The Star of David and a menorah were also present on the walls. The ceiling was very interesting it was wood pleats and reminded me of an olden wooden sleigh.The Rabbi who was conducting the service was Rabbi Joshua Aaronson. He was a little younger than I was expecting, I would put him maybe around 35 or so. He was wearing a full length white robe with a Tallit around his shoulders, which was a more yellowish collar, and had what looked like leaves to be on it. He was also wearing a Yamaka. He greeted the congregation by saying Shalom which means welcome. I noticed that there was different books all around, there were solicitation books, called Siddur which contained Hebrew, and English translations, there was also the Chumash which is the book that has the torah studys in it, each week a different part of the Torah is read, starting in Genesis and going finished to Deuteronomy, once the torah has been read all the way through, it starts over again in Genesis. Rabbi Aaronson spoke to the congregation and told some stories about his wife and family, the strong congregation seemed to have it away him, and he was quite funny.Rabbi Aaronsons discourse was about happiness, he talked about how he had neer really thought about the idea of happiness and Judaism going together, of course he was happy, and had studied the pietism for m both years, the persecution of the Jews, the nature of god, Faith in God, the rules, the laws, he joked that through all the movies he had seen about Judaism he had never left in a happy mood, with Fiddler on the Roof being the exception. He talked about how he realized that happiness was actually institute many places in Judaism, the first of which would be the Tanakh or Jewish bible, one of the sons of Jacob is named Asher, meaning happy. He talks about how the word happy is found almost often in Psalms and Proverbs, and mentions that the very first word in the very first Psalms is happy, he then repeats the first Psalm, first in Hebrew and then in English.He explains the Psalms which basically says that a person is happy when he or she has a strong moral compass, and is not persuaded by liars and cheaters. He mentions Psalms 84 and mentions that the Psalms is so important that it is the first phrase in one of the most important prayers of the Shabbat, the prayer in English roughly means The Happy Prayer. The point to his message was that being close to God, and more so being religious and studying God and religion brings people happiness. He talks about a poll that was done with 600,000 Ame ricans which showed that people who considered themselves religious or very religious said they were overmuch happier than those who said they were moderately religious or not religious at all.My favorite part of the service was when the Torah was read. The reading of the Torah was done in the middle of the service, Rabbi Aaronson open(a) the Ark, and it is custom for everyone to stand when the Ark is opened, to show respect. Everyone rose and chanted a verse from the Torah, which I was told again shows their recognition of the importance of the Torah. The different Torahs were all neatly fixed in the Ark, which beautiful covers on them, while the Rabbi took them out, I noticed he carried them to the altar almost like a new born baby, which makes sense considering how consecrated the Torah is in the religion. He took off the coverings and there were two other people around him who were the Torah checkers they make sure that whoever is doing the reading is not making any mistakes and is there to correct if a mistake is made reading the torah.They carried the torah around the room and people bowed when it came near them, I was told that I did not have to bow if I did not feel comfortable, solely felt I wouldnt get the full experience if I didnt. There was a whole intriguing ritual in reading the torah, a man went up to do an Aliyah which is Hebrew for going up, this is like a blessing on the torah forward the reader reads that weeks passage. I had never heard Hebrew spoken before attending this service, let alone heard another phrase in a church so that was very interesting. I had also never seen a book that was so sacred, of course Christians have the bible but it is not transported around the room, while people bow to it. I thought that showed a lot of tradition and strength in the religion. It is clearly a religion that is very important to those who follow it.I would go into more detail about the torah reading, but I left my notes and my program on the pew when I left and didnt realize until much too late. The book that allowed us to follow along the torah reading was very great, and I was pleasantly surprised that they did the reading in English as well as in Hebrew.The service ended and people came up to me and shook my hand and of course as always, wanted to know what I thought about it. I have to admit this was one of the most intriguing church experiences I have ever had. The sermon was interesting, the people were great, and there was such a feeling of being close, close to one another and close to God and to a religion that I was very overwhelmed with positive emotion. I am very glad that I attended this service, and am glad this class has allowed me to open my mind to different religions.

Types of CAPTCHA

Types of CAPTCHAText-Based CAPTCHAsCAPTCHA was at first conceived by Andrei Broder and his associates in 1997 and around the same time Altavista site utilized this proficiency as a HIP around the same time. This strategy utilized a contorted English word that a client was made a request to sort. The bended word was less demanding for clients to see however trouble about for bots to perceive utilizing OCR procedures. Content found CAPTCHAs are as a tantrum containing a hard to perceive matter string to be distinguished and written by the client in a content box gave close to the CAPTCHA picture on the Web page. The CAPTCHA picture is of low quality with various types of clamor and solid debasement connected to it.Blum and Von Ahn in Collaboration with Yahoo contrived EZ-Gimpy and Gimpy CAPTCHA to protect talk rooms from spammers. These CAPTCHAs challenges have been broken by lexicon assaults which contained a predetermined number of words in them. A more secure sort of content b ase HIP, called reCAPTCHA has been proposed by similar creators. Confuse Text CAPTCHA is the Xerox Pato Alto Research Center (PARC) form of Gimpy test. Unmistakable content based CAPTCHA methods incorporate dissipate Type, Handwritten Word based CAPTCHA and Human Visual System veiling Characteristic CAPTCHA. Different specialist organizations on the Internet like PayPal, Hotmail and YouTube utilize their declare forms of content construct CAPTCHAs considering their sites and overhaul them with more current forms every now and again. With a point of enhancing ease of use of content based CAPTCHAs, Richard Chow et al have proposed a nonexclusive system for changing over a literary CAPTCHA into an interactive CAPTCHA. It proposes situation of various content CAPTCHA pictures in a matrix among which some are English words while others are not. The client must tap on all legitimate English words to breeze with this CAPTCHA test.Image-Based CAPTCHAsBlum and Von Ahn proposed at first pi cture based CAPTCHA called ESP-PIX CAPTCHA. It utilized a bigger database of photos and energized pictures of ordinary items. The CAPTCHA role model gave a client an arrangement of pictures all connected with a similar question or idea. The client was required to enter the question or idea to which every one of the pictures had a place with e.g. the program may show pictures of Globe, Volleyball, Planet and baseball anticipating that the client should effectively relate every one of these photos with the word ball. When all is said in done picture based CAPTCHAs show a visual example or idea that the client needs to distinguish and act as needs be. Diverse picture based CAPTCHA plot utilizes distinctive examples or ideas which are anything but difficult to be perceived by the clients and troublesome for the bot projects to mimic. Other than a few others, this class of CAPTCHA strategies hold Microsoft Asirra, Image Generation for Internet Authentication, Image Block Exchange and F ace Recognition CAPTCHAs. Mosaic-based Human Interactive Proof called MosaHIP proposes a CAPTCHA conspire for securing the download of addition against Web-bots. It utilizes a solitary bigger picture called mosaic picture which is made from littler and halfway covering genuine and fake pictures. The client needs to powderpuff an asset communicated in type of versatile content protest on the site page and drop it onto the zone of the mosaic picture containing the picture showed in the CAPTCHA picture. Google has proposed a CAPTCHA strategy in which a client must alter randomly pivoted pictures to their upright positioning. As of late, an Image Flip CAPTCHA technique proposes utilization of a composite CAPTCHA picture involving flipped and non-flipped pictures. The client needs to tap on all pictures that show up as ordinary and with no flip connected to them.Audio-Based CAPTCHAs The main sound based CAPTCHA was actualized by Nancy Chan to give another option to content based CAPTCH As for outwardly impede individuals. Sound CAPTCHAs take an arbitrary grouping pinched from recordings of straightforward words or numbers, consolidate them and add some unsettling influence and clamor to it. This recording is played when the client clicks a catch gave on the website page. The CAPTCHA framework then requests that the client enter the words or potentially numbers in the recording. Sound CAPTCHAs are more hard to tackle, hard to internationalize and more requesting as far as time and endeavors in contrast with content and picture CAPTCHAs. Notwithstanding, sound based CAPTCHA tests have turned into an option for outwardly impeded individuals. Most Web administrations incorporate it notwithstanding content and picture CAPTCHAs. Different CAPTCHAsBesides above sorts of CAPTCHA tests, Collaborative Filtering and Implicit CAPTCHA challenge have been proposed in writing. give voice separation CAPTCHAs approaches contrast from others in the scenes that CAPTCHA creators do nt know at first the right solution for their planned CAPTCHA, however measure it from human conclusion. Understood CAPTCHA proposes single stupefy difficulties recognized as fundamental perusing joins which can be replied through involvement of the setting of the Website.

Concept of social entrepreneurship

Concept of social entrepreneurshipUnderstanding the concept of social entrepreneurship will be of value in whichever career path I chooseAs the concept of entrepreneurship becoming important sources in economic fields, many an(prenominal) existing backupes ache been trying to down that concept onto their own actuatening business.It is not simple to define or decided entrepreneurship as only one set word or concept, because it has blanket(a) range of meaning and is the method that contains complex mixture of fundamental economic principle. In addition to that, when the concept is applied in certain industry it could be developed in many different representations depending upon which industries are tar braceed. Finally, the misunderstanding of implementing that entrepreneurship concept may lead the outcome that entrepreneur planed it in the process to unhoped situation, could be negative or coincidently positive for them.The concept of entrepreneurship has been studied for many years and it was illustrated by the classic theory of development runed by causality named Benjamin HigginsBy entrepreneurship is meant the function of seeing investment and production opportunities organizing an enterprise to under espouse a new production process raising capital, hiring labor, arranging for a supply of raw materials, finding a site, and combining these factors of production into a going concern introducing new techniques and commodities, discovering new sources of natural resources and selecting top managers for day-to-day action (1997 ,228p)In putting another word simply, entrepreneurship basically means to start companies and organizations based on the findings of the entrepreneur of certain niches in the marketplace, and willing to assume the risks of a business to take significant opportunities for success.Moreover, entrepreneurs similarly create their own niches for the products or services they want the alliance to produce. (Hodgetts R.M, 2004)It is no t surprised anymore hearing the verge of entrepreneurship in the success stories in the real many different type of business industry. That is, it is just part of example that how entrepreneurship is important concept should be have-to doe with to success, besides it is required to understanding the true concept of this topic.Entrepreneurship could be classified by under 5 categories in order to clarify that how actual processes which the entrepreneurship contains is on the job(p) in the certain business Entrepreneur traits, creativity, innovation, business planning and growth management.These elements can be representing the segments of characteristic of entrepreneur. In Entrepreneurial creativity part, it is required to have different view of perception and thinking of something and a paradigm shift in order to create new ideas.There 4 critical processes to get the concept of innovation can be classified as invention, extension, duplication and synthesis. Strategic planning is the key sources that to access the entrepreneurs position through internal/ outside factors then identify these factors to implement a strategy. Finally, in the management, it is required that identify what size of company will be through, the capability of which how direct control the company is dedicateed and how entrepreneurial spirit can be retained in a growing business.( Bailey, J. 2003)Once entrepreneur concept is cleared, to move on to a hearty entrepreneur is next step. What is a social entrepreneur?They act similar to entrepreneur does, such as facing risks, inspiration and creativity, in order to take hidden or uncovered significant opportunities. What the social entrepreneur seeks for value in the certain market is the transfigureable factors that would result positive effect on disadvantaged communities, ultimately, society at large. (Martin.R,2009)It will be given some particular examples about how entrepreneur have been successfully in implementing the concept of e ntrepreneurship into real-world business industry. That would be able to help clear understanding then, furthermore developing the ideas of fundamental business principle.There is the national food business named Food Connect, end is to supply local, sustainably produced food tothe community in South East Queensland. They are creating a new, more equitableway of distributing local produce in a socially answerable way. The seasonal produce comes from local parenters livingwithin a five hour radius of Brisbane who are paid afair terms for their hard work andwho are encouraged to call down using the most sustainable methods possible.Our subscribers know where their food comes from and are invited to see for themselves on regular farm tours. Moreover, there are as an entrepreneurial way of which they run the business practices are markedly different from thosein other corporateorganizationsOur staff presents educational talks and seminars to the general public about food issues.Weo rganize regular farm tours and other eventsfor our subscribers.Individuals cannot profit from Food Connect, except in terms of earning a fair wage for fair work.We provide, when feasible, opportunities for people with disabilities to participate in the daily tone of the Homestead (our headquarters).Staffs have a major say in the running of Food Connect, particularly at our staff review days which are held all(prenominal) three months.We are environmentally aware in the Homestead, recycling everything possible. We even have our own worm farm for food scraps. (Food Connect,2008,story of food connect)As it draw at above, the Food Connect company has faced some niches as in terms of entrepreneur fountainhead of view that the other competitors does not argufy it due to failure of changes, which briefly arecreating the new way of satisfying the local distribution channels and to guarantee providing the best quality products with reasonable price for everyone, not only customer but al so employee. As the results, the company could have had strong faith from consumers due to finding out risky factors to run the business according to their created entrepreneurial processes and they made huge changes after implementing it into real business.Muhammad Yunus, he is the one that begin offering microloans model to the indigent Bangladesh in 1976. How the microloans work was that loaned money to the people was small adequate amount of money that they were able to take out the loan. As the result, he could have helped the people to become self-employed. gibe to this case, it can be recognized that entrepreneur also can take the role of a leader, not only government, which to make a social change or movement that supporting opportunities and benefit to the people in certain categories. The achievement that he has contributed to the society is not only for gaining profit himself but also involving more people having the beneficial opportunities.Another example can be found out in India.Social entrepreneur Bunker Roy who built the barefoot College in India to educate uneducated people such as illiterate and semiliterate, whose lose the opportunity of education due to social situations. There are many successful achievements the college has develop and improve the level of Indian society, for instances, teachers, workers and architects have installed and maintain solar-electrification systems that about 100,000 people in over 500 villages could have received the benefits by the college.The last example will be Ann Cotton, who made a effort of the right for female education(Campaign for Female Education Camfed) in Africa. The launched programs by Camfed, which is providing opportunities of having education for whose cannot afford to pay school fee or join a school throughout awarding a scholarship, could have supported many numbers of young person girls, approximate 700,000 students, in Zimbabwe, Ghana, Zambia and Tanzania in the educational sector. So me of graduated students returned to this community as leaders and over 5,000 started their own business. In terms of business point of view, it can be seen entrepreneurs as only a pragmatist because they are the people who born to seek for success and benefits in the business.However, that is just general ultimate draw a bead on of entrepreneurs. The points according to examples are the process how and ways they achieve to drive the business successful. A common denominator of among entrepreneurs in these examples is that they are not afraid of facing trustworthy and potential risks to make changes. In addition, the social entrepreneurs have emphasis on the processes of creating a new idea throughout inspiration, creativity, courage in order to generate the final goal that ensure that everyone have social benefits and opportunities, called a new equilibrium.(Social Enterpreneur,2009)

The Compass of Pleasure by David J. Linden | Review

The oscilloscope of Pleasure by David J. calx ReviewThe Compass of PleasureOmobolanle AjoseHumans have a complicated relationship to pleasance which we spend a considerable amount of time pursuing. Certain forms of pleasure much(prenominal) as rituals involving prayer, music, dance, and meditation are accorded special status. Intrinsic pleasures that mess be initiated or increased by artificial activators like cocaine, heroin, or modest doses of nicotine or alcohol, are located in our brains transmitting a pleasure buzz from a wide course of experiences.I chose the book, The Compass of Pleasure because neuroscientist David J. calx the author, explored the swarthiness side of pleasure. He explained how the human brain can turn pleasures into addictions and habits so overpowering and pervasive that race will sacrifice almost anything just to get a fix. This kind of manner makes us wonder why anyone would ruin their health, neglect their family, and spend themselves into po verty all in pursuit of an addiction. calcium hydrate says it all comes down to a single neuro-chemical dopamine.The terms I learned while reading this book includesStoic, meaning ability to endure pain or hardship without showing feelings or complaints.Painasymbolia, also called pain dissociation which is a condition in which pain is graveld without unpleasantness.Ventral tegmental area (VTA), which is a collection of neurons ascertain at the center of themidbrain that sends dopamine releasing axons to other regions of the brain such as the amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex, dorsal striatum and hippocampus.Neuroleptics, meaning dopamine receptor antagonists.Linden (2011), describes most experiences in our lives that we find as transcendent, whether illicit vices, socially sanctioned ritual or social practices as meditative prayer to depart an anatomically and biochemically defined pleasure circuit in the brain. He used past research studies as references.Two postdoctoral fel lows at McGill University conducted experiments that involved implanting electrodes in the brains of rats to activate their pleasure circuits. The electrodes were placed in positions that stimulated the medial forebrain bundle, the axons that excite the dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA). The electrode locations that produced the strongest pleasure were those that most effectively activated the dopamine neurons of the VTA.Another experimental design from the book focused on the stimulation of the brain of a homosexual psychiatric patient using surgically deep-rooted electrodes. Before the patients brain stimulation, he was made to view a film that featured sexual intercourse between a male and a female. He was sexually indifferent and angry about being made to view the film. After the pleasure circuit self- stimulation, he agreed to view the film once more during which he became sexually aroused, had an erection and masturbated to orgasm. After he was discharged f rom the hospital, he had a sexual relationship with a woman for several months. During this period, his homosexual exertion was reduced nevertheless did not stop completely.In humans, rats, and other mammals, the reward circuit is interwoven with brain centers involved in decision making, planning, emotion and retention storage. When we find an experience pleasurable, it sets in motion several processes such as liking the experience and we associate both external and internal cues with the experience. These associations allow us to predict how we should behave to repeat or assign a value to pleasurable experience so that in future we can determine how a great deal effort we are willing to expand and the risk we are willing to take to get them.Linden (2011) defined addiction as persistent, compulsive medicine use in the face of increasingly negative life consequences. He explained that the scientific definition of addiction is actually rooted in the brainsinabilityto experience pleasure and that the dark side of pleasure is addiction. Addiction is associated with long-lasting changes in the biochemical, electrical, and morphological functions of connections within the medial forebrain pleasure circuit. These changes underlie many of the dark sides of addiction, including progressive tolerance, craving, withdrawal and relapse. Therefore, pleasure, addiction and memory are closely related, and directly interconnected.Psychoactive medicines can be used in different social contexts as medicine, religious sacrament, pure recreation, or to define oneself as part of a subgroup. Across cultures and over thousands of years of human history, people have consistently found slipway to alter the function of their brains. Psychoactive drugs like cocaine, alcohol, and opiates strongly activate dopamine action in VTA target regions. Pleasure is central to some but not all psychoactive drugs.Certain foods and certain drugs can activate the pleasure circuits. While obesit y results from food addiction, food addiction shares many properties and biological substrates with drug addiction, including a strong heritable component and triggering by stress.Orgasm is another pleasure buzz that may be weaker than cocaine but stronger than food. ( Cite pageboy here) It is a multifaceted experience with dissociable sensory and affective, stimulated, and rewarding components. It is fiery, transcendent and unique. Orgasm strongly activates the dopamine-using medial forebrain pleasure circuit. Drugs that modulate dopamine signalise in the brain can regulate libido and orgasm. Epileptic seizures or brain stimulation with electrodes can produce orgasms that are devoid of pleasure or emotional feeling.Gambling addiction is associated with reduced activation of the medial forebrain pleasure circuit. Genetic variants that suppress dopamine signaling, particularly in the medial forebrain, are associated with lavishly rate of gambling addiction. For people who carry these gene variants, their muted dopamine systems lead to blunted pleasure circuits, which in turn affects their pleasure-seeking activities.Intensive exercise can bring about short term euphoria, reduction of anxiety, and increases in pain threshold. Long term painful stimulus is associated with increased dopamine. Interestingly, charitable giving produces an activation of the pleasure circuit. The interaction of pleasure and associative learning in the medial forebrain pleasure circuit yields both beneficial and detrimental rewards. The ability of experience to produce long-term changes in the pleasure circuit enables arbitrary rewards and abstract ideas to be felt as pleasurable, a phenomenon that ultimately underlies much of human behavior and culture. This same process is responsible for transforming pleasure into addiction.Reading the compass of pleasure gives an taste on the function of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain and how the dopamine systems in the brain play an important role in pleasure seeking and addictive behaviors. I also learned that dopamine is responsible for most of our unchaste behaviors and secret cravings. It is responsible for love, lust, adultery, motivation, attention, and addiction. The denial of pleasure can yield spiritual growth.In practice, one can see beyond a persons behavior, personal history, and surroundings to understand what goes on in the brain when uncontrollable habits such as addiction present themselves. Understanding the interaction between the pleasure circuits and dopamine in the brain help us as health care professionals to understand that addicts are not weak, defective human beings lacking in willpower but are rather people with brains that are chemically deficient.According to Lundy-Ekman (2013, p.239), Parkinsons disease is the death of dopamine producing cells in the sustantia nigra. occupational therapy improves mobility and functional status in people with Parkinsons disease. Intense resista nce training produces greater muscle hypertrophy and functional gains than are produced by standard exercise.According to Linden (2011, p. 127), there are variations in genes turning down the functions of dopamine signaling within the pleasure circuit. These variations in genes let people seek pleasure through different activities. These activities may be meaningful to a client while others may be addictions they may want to stop. Understanding the biology of pleasure circuits may help clinicians such as occupational therapist better understand what an individual deems meaningful or pleasurable. Knowledge of forms of pleasure such as rituals, routines , music, dance and even meditations that are of meaningful to a client obtained during an occupational profile, helps therapist in planning interventions for clients. On the other hand, the therapist can also help create therapeutical interventions to help with addictions.Linden (2011, p.150), further explained that exercises has an a nti-depressive effect, shows long term improvement in mental functions and slows cognitive decline that accompanies normal aging. Occupational therapists work with a variety of population and this piece of information makes it interesting to know that range of motion exercises and other forms of exercises provided during therapy may be able to improve mental functions and slow cognitive decline in normal aging.Dopamine and serotonin are important neurotransmitters in the brain that influence many behaviors and movement patterns such as travel and coordination. Dopamine levels are associated with many neurological conditions such as Parkinsons disease, psychosis and even attention deficits hyperactive disorders. Too much or too circumstantial dopamine can interfere with cognition, behavior, or motor skills. In practice, occupational therapists work with clients with various neurological conditions by evaluating and analyzing the client, the environment and their meaningful occupati onal performance. Having insight into a clients deficits and its effect on occupational performance is important to therapist because it helps the therapist to be able to plan and provide therapeutic interventions aimed at up cognition, coordination, mobility and functional status in clients.ReferencesLundy-Ekman, L. (2013). Neuroscience Fundamentals for Rehabilitation. St. Louis, Mo Saunders/ Elsevier Inc.Linden, D. J. (2011). The Compass of Pleasure How our Brains make Fatty Foods, Orgasm, Exercise, Marijuana, Generosity, Vodka, learning, and Gambling Feel so Good. New York, NY Penguin Group Inc.Sturkenboom, I., Thijssen, M., Gons-van, J. E., Jansen, I. (2011). Guidelines for Occupational Therapy in Parkinsons Disease. Retrieved July 14, 2014, from National Parkinson Foundation http//www.parkinson.org/NationalParkinsonFoundation/files/a5/a5c7ef92-a101-4485-96b2-7d81b31a42c9.pdf

Paul Laurence Dunbar :: essays research papers fc

capital of Minnesota Laurence DunbarOutlineThesis The major accomplishments of Paul Laurence Dunbars life during 1872 to1938 label him as being an American poet, short story writer, and novelist.I. Introduction II. American poet     A. Literary English     B. Dialect poet          1. "Oak and Ivy"          2. "Majors and Minors"          3. "Lyrics of Lowly keep"          4. "Lyrics of the Hearthside"          5. "Sympathy" III. Short story writer     A. Folks from Dixie (1898)     B. The Strength of Gideon and Other Stories (1900)     C. The Heart of Happy Hollow (1904) IV. Novelist     A. The Uncalled (1898)   &nbs p B. The Love of Landry (1900)     C. The Fanatics (1901)     D. The Sport of the Gods (1902) V. Conclusion     Paul Laurence Dunbar attended grade schools and Central High School inDayton, Ohio. He was editor of the High School Times and president ofPhilomathean Literary Society in his senior year. Despite Dunbars growingreputation in the then small town of Dayton, writing jobs were closed to blackapplicants and the money to further his education was scarce. In 1891, Dunbargraduated from Central High School and was unable to find a decent job.Desperate for employment, he settled for a job as an ski lift operator in theCallahan Building in Dayton.     The major accomplishments of Paul Laurence Dunbars life during 1872 to1938 labeled him as an American poet. Dunbar had two poetic identities. He wasfirst a Victorian poet writing in a comparatively formal style of literaryEnglish. Dunbars other identit y was that of the dialect poet, writing lighter,usually humorous or sentimental work not merely in the Negro dialect however inother varieties as well Irish, once in German, but very frequently in thehoosier dialect of Indiana. There is good reason to assert, however, that thesources of Dunbars dialect verse were in the real language of the people. Thebasic charge of this reproof can be stated in the words of a recent critic,Jean Wagner. Dunbars dialect is, he says, "at best a secondhand instrument,irredeemably deface by the degrading things imposed upon it by the enemies ofthe Black people" (Revell, Paul Laurence Dunbar, pg. 84). One of the mostpopular of Dunbars dialect poems was and is "When Malindy Sings" which buildsupon the natural ability of the race in song and is acknowledged to be Dunbarstribute to his mothers spontaneous outbursts of singing as she worked in thekitchen. The message of the poem is of praise for simplicity of spirit and thelove of God.&nb sp     other of Dunbars superb poems is entitled "Sympathy", written in1895I know what the caged bird feels,alasWhen the sun is bright on theupland slopesWhen the wind stirs buggy through

Women in Chaucers Canterbury Tales Essay -- The Canterbury Tales Essay

The only two women most significant and described in great detail in The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer who permit the greatest insight into contemporary medieval society are the Wife of tubful and the Prioress. These two women appear similar in the General Prologue of the poem but, as we see through their tales, they are quite unique women and most authoritatively very different from one another. By examining both the Wife of Bath and the Prioresss tales, we are able to see the stark contrast between their social standards and behavior. However, in spite of the fact that these two ladies belong to two different social spheres, they surprisingly share some common characteristics.The initial similarity between these two women lies in their appearance but as the poem continues on we see that their life experience and their manner and personality are different from one to another. Chaucers description of the two characters clearly describes the Prioress as a better nun.The W ife of Bath is the only woman, beside the Prioress and her companion Nun, on this pilgrimage.Chaucer discussed each of the two generally in all aspects beginning with their outer physical look, behavior, beliefs etc. Despite the root impression that Chaucers description makes the Wife of Bath and the Prioress contradicting as day and night, a deeper look to it makes one observe their intersecting minor characteristics. As eldritch it may sounds as true it is to some extend. The first thing we come across is their physical look. The Wife of Bath even gap-toothed or a bit deaf she is pictured to have a rich tasteful dressing with her gorgeous distinct gown and fine scarlet red stockings and soft, fresh, leaf blade new leather shoes. This description tells us ... ...rench of Paris was unknown to her. All of these characteristics show how the nun Prioress was focused on things that should not be important for a nun.Among her minor things, the nun in the tale actions was cautious and splendid. Her manners were unique, and practiced with perfection. Her table manners were admirable she never let a flake fall from her lips, nor wet her fingers too deeply in the sauce daintily she carried a morsel to her lips, taking care that no drop should fall on her breast she took much pleasure in proper etiquette. Her manners and being educated gave her joy, something that is wrong for a nun. Having manners for her was like giving a confect to a little boy. Also the author describes with a lot of details her manners to show us how important her behavior was for herself, an a nuns behavior should be reflected on other people not on herself.