Hoof And Mouth :: essays research papers

What IS foot & mouth disease? It is one of the most infectious diseases cognise and consists of a computer virus, which attacks two groups of animals - pigs and ruminants. The latter group includes cattle, sheep, goats, deer, and any(prenominal) other "foreign" breeds of animal such as buffalo and antelope. It does not affect birds, dogs, or horses, but the virus buns be carried on the feet of any bird or animal, including humans, that come into contact with it.The symptoms relate to the name the disease has been given - a pungent of the tegument around the animals foot, particularly between the hooves and a similar blistering of the skin around the mouth and nose. These physical symptoms are usu in ally accompanied by a fever. The virus has a 3-8 day incubation period.A question now being asked is, "Can it affect humans? You may have sympathize elsewhere that the answer is "No. However, this is not strictly true, albeit that the risk is very small. One suc h case, where the victim developed flu-like symptoms with blistering and subsequently ulcerating skin, was reported some 25 years ago. That person made a full recovery. The risk to humans would be greatest if the virus entered the human body via an exposed wound, discourse septic stock without adequate protection, or drinking milk, which had not been pasteurized from an affected cow. However, it should be said from the start that this latter source is highly unlikely, because to the highest degree all of todays public milk supply is pasteurized and this process immediately kills the virus. The Food Standard Agency has made it very clear that eating the sum of an give animal has no harmful effect on humans.So, how does it spread? Well, it can be borne aloft on the wind and can easily extend more than than 50 km overland, or 300 km over sea. It can also be transferred by direct contact between animals, including humans, transferred via the faeces of give animals, transferred by people, vehicles, animals or birds that have passed over infected land and moved on elsewhere carrying the virus on their feet.Preventative measure can be taken. Straw soaked in disinfectant, e.Hoof And Mouth essays research papers What IS foot & mouth disease? It is one of the most infectious diseases known and consists of a virus, which attacks two groups of animals - pigs and ruminants. The latter group includes cattle, sheep, goats, deer, and some other "foreign" breeds of animal such as buffalo and antelope. It does not affect birds, dogs, or horses, but the virus can be carried on the feet of any bird or animal, including humans, that come into contact with it.The symptoms relate to the name the disease has been given - a blistering of the skin around the animals foot, particularly between the hooves and a similar blistering of the skin around the mouth and nose. These physical symptoms are usually accompanied by a fever. The virus has a 3-8 day incubation per iod.A question now being asked is, "Can it affect humans? You may have read elsewhere that the answer is "No. However, this is not strictly true, albeit that the risk is very small. One such case, where the victim developed flu-like symptoms with blistering and subsequently ulcerating skin, was reported some 25 years ago. That person made a full recovery. The risk to humans would be greatest if the virus entered the human body via an exposed wound, handling infected stock without adequate protection, or drinking milk, which had not been pasteurized from an affected cow. However, it should be said from the start that this latter source is highly unlikely, because virtually all of todays public milk supply is pasteurized and this process immediately kills the virus. The Food Standard Agency has made it very clear that eating the meat of an infected animal has no harmful effect on humans.So, how does it spread? Well, it can be borne aloft on the wind and can easily travel more than 50 km overland, or 300 km over sea. It can also be transferred by direct contact between animals, including humans, transferred via the feces of infected animals, transferred by people, vehicles, animals or birds that have passed over infected land and moved on elsewhere carrying the virus on their feet.Preventative measure can be taken. Straw soaked in disinfectant, e.

Panopticon: The Ideal Social Order :: essays research papers

Panopticon The Ideal Social Order     "The Panopticon is a marvelous machine which, whatever use one may dealto put it to, produces homogenous effects of causation." Panopticism is a style ofcontrolling the man-to-man and making him conform to the transcription. That systemcould refer to the police or the world as a whole. There is never a definitetop position, therefore, everyone feels as if they argon being monitored bysomeone else. It is for this reason that this disciplinary mechanism is soeffective.     The Panopticon serves as a tool for discipline and a laboratory of power.The capabilities of a Panopticon are endless. It is the basis for thegovernment while it could also aid in the vile activities for the mafia. Inthe government there is a system of checks and balances where nothing can getaccomplished without the authorization of a higher ranked official. Once theseideas are passed they are then imposed on the individuals of society by otherorganizations . Whether it be the police, the IRA, or a neighborhood watchgroup. The Panopticon can serve the open in many ways. It can defend acountry, reform prisoners, treat the ill, and educate the public. It doesthis by creating channels of power and distributing them to the individuals. Inthe Panopticon, no one individual shall be granted too much power so as toplace his or her own value upon the masses. The concept behind panopticism isthe statistical distribution of power in order to better society as a whole. The historicalproblems with power have proven, when it is unevenly distributed, those withthe power take advantage and impose their values on the public. For instance,Hitler was given too much power and he massacred millions of innocent people.The Panopticon, on the other hand, serves to increase the wealth, welfare,education, and spirituality of society. The Panopticon does punish but it doesso in a means of reform. It attempts to restore the indiv idual to a being thatcan be a productive and positive influence. The system has two main purposes,the distribution of power and the means of establishing discipline.     Every aspect of the world has the ideas and principles of panopticismbehind them. The world is full of intricate and complicated people. Thesepeople group together to create tribes, governments, countries, and orcivilizations. What are the rules? How are we, the most complicated form oflife that we know of, suppose to act towards one another. The panoptic systemhas implemented itself upon the world. It has created a system where no one

Private Education vs Public Education Essay -- essays papers

Private Education vs Public EducationPublic Education v/s Private Education A somebodys education is one of the most important factors in determining whether or not they will become a productive member of society. That is wherefore when considering an education the quality of the education is almost as important as the education itself. So when private schools came into the picture the debate then began between popular and private schools. Facing the technological revolution that we are going through without a good quality education a person will be left behind. Even though public and private schools are separate institutions they have to follow certain guidelines so there are a fix of similarities between the two. Such as, both school systems have the intentions of giving their students the best education within their means. Both have educated professionals that have decided to sanctify the rest of their careers to furthering the education of our youth. They each have s et up rules hoping to keep it a positive learning environment. They both use standardized testing as a tool to evaluate the progress of their students. They can also access the weaknesses from these tests to improve the curriculum that they have composed. They also have clubs like volunteer groups that do out people in their surrounding community. There are also student governments where students elect students to improve upon the learning environment in which they are. Schools also have...

Violence :: social issues

ViolenceThe last five years welcome seen an increase in the stand on violence in movies. As action movies with their monstrous stars argon taken to new heights every year, more people seem to argue that the violence is influencing our countrys youth. Yet, each year, the amount of viewing audience also increases. This summers smash hit Independence Day grossed more money than any separate film in history, and it was full of violence. The other summer hits included. Mission Impossible, Courage Under Fire, and A Time to Kill. All of these movies contained violence, and all were highly acclaimed. And all, with the exception of Independence Day, were aimed toward adults who understood the violence and could separate permeate violence from real violence. There is nothing wrong with having violence in film. If an adult wants to spend an evening watching Arnold Schw artzenager Save the world, then he should have that right. Film critic Hal Hinson enjoys watching movies. In fact, he fell in love with movies at the same time that he remembers being afraid for the beginning(a) time. He was watching Frankenstein, and, as he described in his essay In Defense of Violence, it played with his senses in such a way that he instantaneously fell in love with movies. . The danger was fake, but Hinson described that it played with his senses in such a way that he almost today fell in love. Hinson feels that most movie lovers were incited by the same hooks as himself. Movies were thrilling, dangerous, and mesmerizing (Hinson 581-2). Hinson says that as a culture, we like violent art. Yet this is not something that is new to todays culture. The ancient Greeks perfected the genre of tragedy with a use of violence. According to Hinson, they believed that while violence in life is destructive, violence in art need not be that art provides a healthy channel for the natural aggressive forces within us (Hinson 585). Today, the Greek tragedy is not a good deal seen, but there are oth er shows movies that embody and use violence. Tom and Jerry, The Three Stooges, and popular prime time shows including the highly acclaimed NYPD Blue and ER are all violent. There is a surplus of violent movies in Hollywood. Usually, the years highest moneymakers are violent. Even Oscar winning movies, those movies that are the best of the year, have violence in them.

Essay --

Genetically Modified Plants and its ImpactsBiotechnology, a merging of biology and technology, has greatly contributed to our current well-being. Scientists employ biotechnology to infract medicinal treatments, alternative energy, and agricultural products. Its advances also enable scientists to alter organisms through genetic engineering, a biotechnological technique, involving modification of DNA and the transfer of gene components between species to gain replication of specific traits. Scientists apply this technique to a wide range of organisms including plants. Genetically modified plants (GM), namely transgenic plants, contain traits such as better nutritionary quality, tolerance to insecticide and diseases, and greater yield. These GM crops impose benefits on human health, environment, and economics. However, a number of scientists and organizations criticize GM crops despite its advantages. The opposition argues that GM crops lay out potential risk on not only human heal th but also the environment, leading to increasing use of herbicide and allergic chemical reaction in some people. Evidence regarding GM crops controversy reveals how biotech companies suppress research that would otherwise reveal adverse effects of transgenic plants to the public. Genetic engineering is a redbrick biotechnology technique, which allows gene slicing and transferring between one organism and another. This altered genetic make-up results in the change of certain protein production that indirectly removes or adds certain features to modified organisms. Genetic modification differs from traditional biotechnology because genes of animals, plants, and bacteria can be combined to create organisms with altered traits that would not occur naturally. This tech... ...n manipulating and restrain independent research on GM plants clearly undermines the credibility of information obtained through research institutions funded by these companies. The majority of published researc hes has shown potential benefits of GM plants in producing more nutritious foods, decreasing use of insecticide, and increasing farmers profits. However, there is a tendency that these studies be conducted in favor of biotech companies. The studies on GM plants negative impacts are still scarce due to manipulation by biotech companies. Due to the lack of independent scientific research on the impacts of transgenic plants, it is crucial for consumer to have the right to study whether they want to consume GM plants or not. To do so, GM labeling law must be passed. And it can only be done if more consumers enrol and support the GM labeling movement.

Essay --

Genetically Modified Plants and its ImpactsBiotechnology, a merging of biology and technology, has greatly contributed to our current well-being. Scientists employ biotechnology to develop medicinal treatments, alternate energy, and agricultural products. Its advances also enable scientists to alter organisms through constituenttic engineering, a biotechnological technique, involving modification of DNA and the transfer of gene components between species to promote replication of unique(predicate) traits. Scientists apply this technique to a wide range of organisms including plants. Genetically circumscribed plants (GM), namely transgenic plants, contain traits such as better nutritional quality, tolerance to insect powder and diseases, and greater yield. These GM crops impose benefits on human health, environment, and economics. However, a number of scientists and organizations criticize GM crops despite its advantages. The opposition argues that GM crops put potential risk of infection on not only human health but also the environment, leading to increasing use of herbicide and allergic reaction in slightly people. Evidence regarding GM crops controversy reveals how biotech companies suppress look for that would otherwise reveal adverse effects of transgenic plants to the public. Genetic engineering is a modern biotechnology technique, which allows gene slicing and transferring between one organism and another. This altered genetic make-up results in the change of certain protein production that indirectly removes or adds certain features to modified organisms. Genetic modification differs from traditional biotechnology because genes of animals, plants, and bacteria can be combined to create organisms with altered traits that would not occur naturally. This tech... ...n manipulating and limiting independent research on GM plants clearly undermines the credibility of information obtained through research institutions funded by these companies. The maj ority of published researches has shown potential benefits of GM plants in producing more wholesome foods, decreasing use of insecticide, and increasing farmers profits. However, there is a tendency that these studies are conducted in favor of biotech companies. The studies on GM plants negative impacts are still remarkable due to manipulation by biotech companies. Due to the lack of independent scientific research on the impacts of transgenic plants, it is crucial for push downr to have the right to choose whether they want to consume GM plants or not. To do so, GM labeling law must be passed. And it can only be done if more consumers participate and support the GM labeling movement.

People talk of natural sympathies Essay

A running theme from Charlotte Bronte throughout her novel, Jane Eyre is the idea, I have previously employ that conventionality is non morality. This idea is continued throughout the novel. It would be thought, in the Victorian era far more conventional for Jane and Rochester to just be G all overness and Master even Jane, throughout the novel, rejects the norm for what she believes to be morally correct, and this is why she could never un grapple him she believes, despite what society thinks, something that her late friend Helen Burns taught her, that they ar in fact a good match.From their first acheing it would be easy to say that Jane and Rochester arent swell up matched and in that respect are various reasons for this is. The moment that Rochester appears into Janes life the weather is cold and the wind had froze keenly highlighting the Gothic record of Rochester and the fact that it would be seem completely unconventional for Jane to ever love this man. The atmosphere of the lane reflects Rochester. There is a mystery and suspense that Jane creates due to her love and certainty of the supernatural world, such as stating that the object that is moving towards her has no name, she says it approached.The fact that she refuses to believe that this object could be a person shows her willingness for a supernatural incident. As we can see from her assumption that Rochesters dog is the Gytrash, her imaginativeness is full of fiends, and the fact that she is sensitive to omens becomes important later in the novel. Janes imagination works overtime in this movie and she starts becoming actually unimaginative of women in this Victorian Ear, irrational. Bronte builds the tension for the lector by leading us to believe that Janes fancies are bright and dark.At the beginning of this dig Jane is sitting on a style, which indicates that she is in liminal, in between two worlds. You could say she is in liminal about whether she can love this man. Rochester ap pears onto the scene fast and afterward falls off his horse which could suggest Jane falls off her fence, as the barrier between this man is broken due to his pathetic fall of his steed. A man should not fall from his horse therefore Bronte is showing us that both characters here are unconventional and therefore in this opening scene between them we can assume that, yes they are well matched.Rochesters character presents a cold exterior with the roughness of the traveller. His arrival is somewhat of an anti-climax, there is no warmth brought by him and no thanks to Jane for her concentration throughout the scene. The hint of his Byronic characteristics creates a certain appeal for Jane. She is reflecting on the man she has just seen, she describes him as masculine, dark, strong, stern. This is, I think we have to remember the first time Jane has interacted by herself with a man older than herself. He is broody and moody, Jane finds an allure to this nature about Rochester.Although Jane hasnt made her mind up whether she likes him or not yet, it is ironic to remember that Jane is writing from the position that she is presently married to him, though she tries to make for her meeting with him as well as she can. On that note, it is worth mentioning that Jane does end up marrying Rochester, therefore with the images Bronte is feeding us, they must be well-matched. The scene in which Jane and Rochester meet for the first time is dramatic and its outcome, when he finds that necessity compels me to make you useful, foreshadows his ultimate dependence on her later in the book.Again, it is significant that they meet over ice, and that later she finds the fires lit at Thornfield where the grates had stood empty. Indeed, until Rochester comes, to return to the house is to return to stagnation. Jane does not want the trappings of conventional femininity, as she says herself, she is becoming incapable of appreciating the very privileges of security and ease her job at T hornfield will be given to her. Under his power she will begin to melt and unlearn much of her Lowood reserve, age for her he will renounce his wandering ways.In the second meeting Janes ideas about Rochester are reinforced, as she and we see him in more detail. His forcible appearance is very attractive to Jane such as his jetty centerfieldbrowssweep (hair flows back) of black hairdecisive nose.. ,grim mouth. Although she find these attractive, is it for the right reasons. These are all very strong mysterious features. Is it the attractiveness of Mr Rochester or the feeling of danger that lures Jane.Though, Jane believes that Rochesters superiority depends on the use he has made of his time and experience. non just a financial difference. Jane believes that she has achieved more than him albeit with less money. So although there may be twenty years difference in age and a huge contrast in their experiences, Jane claims that all of this is irrelevant whether they are socially e qual does not matter. What is important for Jane, however, is that they are well-matched in character and personality.Despite this, it is interest how Bronte allows the reader to explore the complicated and liminal social position of a governess who is not expected to ask questions let alone be on equal consideration of masters, like Rochester. Not for the first time in this bildungsroman Jane becomes a character of ambiguous class standing, much like Mary Wolfstencraft wanted, barely although Jane may not be Rochesters social equal she is certainly his intellectual equal. Mr Rochester is a Romantic, almost Byronic, figure that is shown to be forceful and independent in this respect he is in part Janes alter ego.A Byronic hero is so called after the poet Lord Byron, and this term is especially apt as it refers to a magnetized yet brooding and misanthropic character. Jane and Rochesters convincing witty banter brings both characters alive, with fire. She may have feminine accompli shments, but she is as unconventional and strong-minded as he is and can always match his blow for blow in any conversation, Rochester often refers to Jane as a pleasure groundy, a sprite and an imp, when you came on me in Hay Lane last night, I thought unaccountably of fairy tales.This is not per chance, Bronte has deliberately created this line for Rochester to show the reader that even in, a subconscious level they are thinking alike, they are well-matched Rochester has wealth, a high social class, far more age and experience and is male, however he is determined to ignore all of these superiorities and take notice only of Janes inner-spirit and personality. This shows the extent of Rochesters unconventionality, and this irregularity of character is what really allows their relationship to develop.Jane and the hags conversation begins in a way that mirrors a conversation that she had with Mr Brocklehurst. Youve a quick ear I have a quick eye and a quick brain. The conversation between the Fortune Teller (Rochester) and Jane becomes more intimate who stirs the fire to light her up, though she complains that the fire scorches me. This shows that although not perfect, as a couple they are fairly well matched.This also further suggests Rochester kindles passion in Jane. His reading of nature, of the way passion may rage furiouslybut judgement shall have the last word in every argument tells us that he is a close observer of Jane and captures every essences of her character. Later, when she leaves she is angry, at the way her story has been stolen from her by the Witch, though she now knows is Rochester. But, this is their most intimate encounter between them to date.Although it would be easy to say that Jane and Rochester are not well matched due to, primarily, complications that their difference in social class produce, Rochester is very quick to remove these layers of unnecessary complications, as well as letting Jane learn to be more natural. By removing t hese obstacles, the reader begins to see how well matched they are they both have the similar moral values, and are intellectual equals with Jane matching Rochester in any argument, which is what Blanche Ingram, with all her beauty and accomplishments lacks.A sense of originality, which Jane possesses. Conventionality would have forbidden their relationship and it would have never become anything more that strictly professional, but as it is both are extremely unconventional they were, therefore wiling to break the stereotype in that era of having a marriage for financial resources, and it is therefore fair to say that they are, in fact, well-matched.

Economic and Employment Opportunities of Tourism in Bangladesh : a Study on Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation

Economic and Employment Opportunities of holidaymakerry in Bangladesh A Study on Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation 1. Prelude The refreshed Millennium and the climax decades be real much crucial for the bumping countries to achieve sustain sufficient scotch produce. touristry is considered to be a large income generator of the earth sparing contributing over 10 per centum to Gross Domestic Product (GDP). For at least wholeness third of the developing countries, the touristry receipts be the main seminal fluid of export revenue and the touristry sedulousness gene range sustainable economic pull aheads to the developing countries.The exceptional growth of tourism over the last 50 days is going to be one of the well-nigh remarkable economic and social phenomena of the 21st century. The number of outside(a) arrivals shows an evolution from a mere 25 million arrivals in 1950 to the 763 million of 2004 re fronting an average annual growth rate of more than 7 percent over a period of 50 years well above the average annual economic growth rate for the same period. touristry has clearly outperformed every last(predicate) the other sectors of the economy and has grown into the most signifi give the sackt economic activity in the demesne.The Travel and touristry Competitiveness Report 2007 of World Economic Forum (WEF), which aims to look for the factors and policies driving travel and tourism competitiveness in nations worldwide, has found Bangladesh fourth from the last among 124 countries. Endless neglect to this sector by the successive governments is to blame for the sad situation. Bangladesh has been ranked 120th. Among the neighbors, India is ranked 65th, Sri Lanka 79th, Pakistan 103rd and Nepal 106th. In 2006, the sector generated 10. 3 percent of world gross domestic product (GDP), providing 234 million logical arguments or 8. percent of total world employment. touristry has many faces, eco-tourism is one of them. Eco-tourism is c omparatively a new term in tourism literature. The term Eco-tourism blends ecology and tourism and digs the scope of tourism that draws upon natural, manmake and cultural environments. Eco-tourism came into prominence in the eighties as a dodge for reconciling conservation with ontogeny in ecologic exclusivelyy rich beas. Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation (BPC), the topic tourism Organization of the country was found in 1973.It is of earnest importance to evaluate the eccentric played by the BPC over the last 35 years (1973-2007) for the increase of tourism perseverance in Bangladesh and to dumbfound out what argon the challenges set about by the BPC to develop the tourism industriousness in Bangladesh and finally to explore the possibilities of economic and employment opportunities of Bangladesh through with(predicate) tourism. No all-inclusive study has so far been done in this regard. The proposed question result attempt to fill up this gap. 2. Statement of the Proble m The term Tourism or phaeton was first used as official term in 1937 by the League of Nations. Tourism or tourist is a countersig personality related to the word tour which is derived from the Latin word tornus which means a tool for describing a circle or a turners wheel. It is from this word, that the planion of a round tour or a package tour has become popular. Many countries view tourism as part of their discip store strategy and as an economic alternative to traditional economic sectors such as agri close and industry. Rapid development in the means of point and communication has made the world into practically one single neighborhood. There be several clears from tourism.Tourism plays a sizeable role in national prosperity. The foreign qualify earnings earned by the industry increase foreign supercede reserves and positively affect the balance of payments. Tourism has become the third source of foreign exchange earner, after ready-made garments industry and gems and jewelries. In 2006, the Government of Bangladesh has earned 5000 million taka from this sector. Tourism generates employment opportunities in many sectors, in particular in remote and backward beas. It is tallly labor intensive and it offers employment opportunities to skilled and unskilled featers alike.Tourism has a tremendous employment potential, both direct (travel agents, transport operators, hotels, guides) and indirect (handicrafts, increase demands for foods, clothes, etc. ). According to the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 2007 of World Economic Forum (WEF), in Bangladesh tourism contributes 1. 5 percent to the GDP and it provides 1. 2 percent employment opportunity of the total employment. Tourism can in any case stimulate investments in new infrastructure, much of which jocks to improve the hold conditions of topical anesthetic citizens.The development goals of the government is to create infrastructure facilities on par with international standards. P roceeds from tourism help to maintain and develop the already vivacious infrastructural facilities. Tourism offers enormous scope for properly maintaining monuments, palaces, natural attractions etc. In addition to the economic benefits, travel opportunities promote social and political understanding among nations and cultures. mass belonging to different cultures and social backgrounds come together to break down prejudices and inhibitions that too often exist among ethnically and sociological diverse groups.The benefits of tourism are especially heavy for a developing country like Bangladesh. Both from economic and social points of view, tourism can play an important role in Bangladeshs development. The World Tourism Organization estimates that the total number of international tourists willing reach about one billion in 2010. South Asiatic country currently captures provided one percent of this merchandise, but the number of international tourists is expected to grow by 7. 2 percent per annum between 2000-2010. With this vista the necessary growth stimulus and arrangements are largely absent in Bangladesh. under(a) the circumstances, what BPC and common soldier sector can commonly perform in stuffy future in boosting up this vital sector of our economy is a big question. This study is under graveln to have some answers to this question. 2. 1Definition of Key Terms For this study at that place are three key terms such as opportunity, tourism and the BPC. The key terms are defined below Opportunity A cartridge clip or occasion that is suitable for a certain purpose a favorable combination of circumstances. It can also be defined as a favorable or advantageous circumstance or combination of circumstances.Tourism has two types of opportunities such as economic and employment opportunities. Tourism Tourism is a service based industry comprising a number of tangible and intangible elements. The tangible elements include transport, foods and beverages , tours, souvenirs and accommodation, while the intangible elements involve education, culture, adventure or barely escape and relaxation. It can be defined as the act of travel for the purpose of recreation, and the provision of service for this act. Tourism means the business of providing accommodation and services for people visiting a people.BPC Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation (BPC), the National Tourism Organization of the country was established in 1973. It is an autonomous organization and has been placed under the Ministry of courteous melodic line and Tourism. It has the dual responsibility of development of related tourist facilities and forward motional activities to project the tourist products thus to create a favorable image of the country. 2. 2BPC and Its mental synthesis 2. 2. 1Emergence of BPC Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation (BPC), the National Tourism Organization of the country was established in 1973.It is an autonomous organization and has been placed under the Ministry of Civil Aviation and Tourism. 2. 2. 2Structure of BPC The Governing trunk of BPC consists of a full-time Chairman and minimum two and maximum four Directors. At present, one Chairman and three Directors are employed in the organization. 2. 2. 3Objectives of BPC The objectives of BPC are as follows To introduce Bangladesh globally as a top tourist destination and develop its tourism prospects and facilities. To establish tourism infrastructure in Bangladesh. To develop, lucubrate and promote tourism business. To create tourism awareness among the people. To establish institutes for instruction and training of potential tourism personnel. To publish tourism publications. 2. 2. 4National Tourism Policy The National Tourism Policy was stated in 1992. Its main objectives are ? To create interest in tourism among the people ?To preserve, protect, develop and maintain tourism resources ? To take steps for poverty-alleviation through creating employment ? To build a positiv e image of the country abroad ?To open up a recognized sector for private capital investment ?To arrange entertainment and recreation ?To streng consequently national solidarity and integrity. In line with the policy, the Government provides incentives to attract private sectors partners. The incentives include tax-holiday, loans, concession rates for taxes and duties and in specific brasss, allotment of land etc. 2. 2. 5 tourer stretchs unknown tourist arrivals in Bangladesh has been showing an upward trend in the recent years. Statistics of the last 10 years are presented below dishearten 1Foreign Visitors Arrival by Months (1996-2005) Month1996199719981999200020012002200320042005January15609176001448517663231602554823711221932367020213 February13011164901980014022187302072416152190412501215848 March9878174851739415323159822006217898165062426219853 April11112144531814313730149761921615372152992317316234 May12402147881316913430156471592615771179961495918535 June1117813311120761 2484142121660615754218672302017496 July14016128301247513688148091551714345229572699119773 August13282134841134813016133991673914315190412193815292 September1226312468998611529128741101513022179681986013166 October15582156881512717126158551305318601234982178515568 November15827169711390915388194891526517136210282720818399 December21727168521404915380200781752825169271151939217285 Total165887182420171961172779199211207199207246244509271270207662 percentage Change6. 189. 97-5. 730. 4815. 34. 010. 0217. 9810. 94-23. 45 SourceSpecial Branch From Table-1, we can put that the foreign visitors are change magnitude day by day. barely total percent is changing. In 1996, total percent change was 6. 18 percent. In 1997, it was increased to 9. 97 percent.But in 1998, it was negative for example 5. 73 percent. In 2005, it was also negative like 23. 45 percent. Figure 1Foreign Visitors Arrival by Months (1996-2005) From Figure 1, we can say that as per foreign visitors arrival by months, Januar y is the peak season of foreign tourists and September is the dull season. Figure 2 Foreign Visitors Arrival 1996-2005 From Figure 2, we can say that 2004 is the highest year in the context of foreign visitors arrival. The year 1996 is the lowest. 2. 2. 6Foreign Exchange wages from Tourism and Other Travels Table 2Foreign Exchange Earnings from Tourism & Other Travels (1996-2005) Month1996199719981999200020012002200320042005January70. 20231. 80351. 20184. 90227. 80273. 80297. 50259. 00457. 00450. 42 February73. 40106. 50146. 00224. 90261. 60218. 10260. 60327. 00393. 70502. 73 March81. 30142. 60302. 70255. 30230. 90196. 10336. 20355. 90425. 90468. 50 April84. 20130. 50170. 60207. 20234. 00219. 00312. 50241. 10309. 40335. 56 May121. 80182. 90161. 70172. 30210. 70240. 50282. 70226. 30305. 00347. 95 June137. 10172. 20176. 80182. 70193. 10221. 70313. 00288. 00279. 70301. 23 July98. 10156. 70167. 50167. 00234. 80207. 10267. 50302. 30303. 60296. 98 August111. 40145. 20192. 50182. 80129. 30170. 50251. 50232. 00285. 90354. 61 September99. 40692. 80154. 50179. 70218. 10193. 0245. 90217. 30293. 10334. 14 October157. 40256. 10167. 30186. 10239. 40187. 00205. 00265. 10247. 90332. 67 November176. 50253. 20245. 50280. 50234. 50234. 80277. 70224. 20250. 42324. 45 December190. 40270. 90215. 50218. 50212. 80291. 80262. 5371. 80415. 94444. 65 Total1401. 202741. 42451. 82441. 926272653. 83312. 633103967. 64493. 9 Percentage Change46. 6995. 65-10. 45-0. 127. 141. 0224. 82-0. 08-19. 8713. 37 Million $33. 5962. 4552. 3749. 9550. 3747. 5657. 2156. 9866. 8270. 01 Source Special Branch From Table 2, we can say that 2005 is the highest foreign exchange earnings year from tourism and other travels and the year 1996 is the lowest.Table-2 shows that the foreign exchange earnings is gradually increasing day by day. Figure 2Foreign Exchange Earnings from Tourism & Other Travels (1996-2005) From Figure 3, we can say that February, 2005 is the highest foreign exchange earnings month. Figure 3Foreign Exchange Earnings from Tourism & Other Travels (1996-2005) From Figure 4, we can say that 2005 is the highest foreign earnings year and 1996 is the lowest. 2. 3Panorama of Tourism in Bangladesh Bangladesh is a combination of verdant forests, riverine countrysides, and long stretches of sun-bathed beaches, direful wildness, meandering rivers and magnificent worlds largest mangrove forest.Bordering the Bay of Bengal stands this magical tapestry in green with all the glory of its past and the splendid color in of its natural present. These unique products possess a great potential for environment hearty tourism. The country is home to the Royal Bengal Tigers, leopards, Asiatic elephants, monkeys, langur, gibbons (the only ape in the subcontinent), otters and mongooses. Reptiles include the sea tortoise, mud turtle, river tortoise, pythons, crocodiles, gharials and a variety of snakes. There are more than 600 species of birds, including the Paradise Flycatcher and the most s pectacular kingfishers and fishing eagles. 2. 3. 1 orbital cavity of Tourism in Bangladesh Bangladesh has many attractive spots from the viewpoint of tourism.These spots are divided into two categories based on nature and culture. Natural Areas Under this category the first one is the unique and magnificent Sundarbans Mangrove woodland, which is the worlds largest mangrove forest and the home of the world renowned Royal Bengal Tiger, the most ferocious predatory animal on earth. As being the World Natural Heritage declared by the UNESCO, this mangrove forest now belongs non only to Bangladesh, but also to the whole world, though the responsibility to protect the forest lies with Bangladesh. Among the other spots, Chittagong hill districts are acknowledgmentable where 13 tribal groups live in an area of about 2592. 1 square kilometers.The biodiversity and natural beauties of the hilly areas along with the different customs and traditions of the localities could be an attractive su bject to the tourists. Besides the Sundarbans, numerous decently rivers, paddy fields stretched up to the horizon, picturesque tea gardens and Chittagong Hill Tracts, St. Martins Island, Rangamati and Kaptai Lake are also potential tourism products on their own attraction. Cultural Areas In this category the 14th century pre-Mogul period Shat Gambuz Mosque at Bagerhat has been declared as a world heritage by UNESCO in 1985. Besides, our pre-Mogul and Mogul period mosques, Hindi temples and ancient Buddhist monasteries have great appeal to the eco-tourists, who like cultural heritage.The 8th century Paharpur Buddhist Monastery in Naogaon, another world heritage declared by UNESCO, is the single largest Buddhist monastery in the world. Whereas Borobodhur in Indonesia which is half of the size of Paharpur Monastery earns no less than us $ 500 million per annum in the latter case the scenario is completely opposite of Bangladesh only for well publicity. Moreover, the ancient civilizat ions like Mohasthangar in Bogra, ancient Buddhist Monasteries and stupas/temples in Mainamoti, pre-Mogul period Kusumba Mosque in Rajshahi, Chhoto Sona Mosque of the same period in Chapai Nababganj, Lalbagh Kella in capital of Bangladesh, Govinda Shiva and Jagannath Temples in Rajshahi can also be world heritage sites.Above all, the multi-faceted folk heritage enriched by its ancient animist, Buddhist, Hindoo and Muslim roots, weaving, pottery, and terracotta sculpture are some of the earliest forms of artistic expressions to attract the sustainable tourists. 2. 3. 2 Necessary Steps Required for the Tourist Spots Although in Bangladesh we have some world-class tourism spots both natural and cultural, unfortunately all the spots are almost unknown to the foreign tourists and consequently are not attracted by them. In the following part the steps for developing nature-based and culture-based spots are mentioned respectively. 2. 3. 3 Nature-based Tourist Spots Mangrove Forest of Sund arbans deserves attention from the tourists.Necessary steps should be taken so that the tourism organization worldwide may highlight the destinations like Sundarbans forest. For example, in the Sundarbans forest areas Mawalis are allowed to enter the forests in the months of April and May for collecting honey. The Forest Department only permits them with a paper slip. They enter the forest and destroy the honey combs and kill the bees drastically and brutally during of collecting honey. This happens because the collection is never scientific and systematic. If this could be managed scientifically and properly, the local Mawalis will be benefited economically, the forest areas will be rich in biodiversity.Ultimately everything in the honey harvest will be environmentally sound. The natural honey production in the Sundarbans areas by the endemic species of bees is unique in the world. It is necessary to take serious measures in the field not only for economic benefits but also for con servation of unique natural beauties in the forests. exclusively the steps in this forest should be taken in such manner so that every flora and fauna can be able to generate their respective species in an optimal trend moreover, tourist spots should be placed in those points from which no threats can be created to the ecosystem of Sundar bans. Next to shatter bans, Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) can be mentioned under nature-based tourist spots.The tourist spot approach and practice is necessary in this area not only for local tribes and castes but also for conservation of their traditions so that this hilly region can be one of the most spectacular sustainable tourism areas. 2. 3. 4 Culture-based Tourist Spots In Bangladesh, there are many culture based tourist spots where the local people can be involved for increasing total number of tourists in the country. There are such possibilities we have in Bangladesh, but all of them cannot be brought into practice for description, only few can be taken. In Bangladesh almost all of the ancient Temples and Monasteries are found neglected although they may be the attractive spots for tourists.It is found that the last 12 kilometers of the road to Paharpur Monastery from Naogaon is extremely narrow and full of potholes. The construction of a new approach road to the monastery, having less than three kilometer of length, can save tourists from traversing though that horrible 12 kilometers of potholed road. For some restoration wees and beautification of the monastery site, the government destinys to spend some money. That investment will pay the country high return annually in foreign currency for years. 2. 4 research Questions i)What are the possibilities of economic and employment opportunities of Bangladesh through tourism? ii)What role is BPC playing in this regard? ii)What are the past growths and challenges of tourism in Bangladesh? iv)How can the challenges be overcome? v)How can tourism be flourished as a gre at potential for the economic development? A modest attempt will be made in this study to get answers of the above questions. In view of the above inquiries the following objectives are set for the study. 3. Objectives of the Study The study is designed to achieve the following objectives (i)Broad Objective The broad objective of the study is to analyze past growth trends and challenges of tourism and to explore the economic and employment opportunities of tourism and to evaluate the role of BPC in developing tourism industry of Bangladesh. ii)Specific Objectives The specific objectives of the study are as follows (1)To analyze the growth trends of tourism and its importance in relation to economic development of Bangladesh (2)To study the growth trends, performance and role of BPC (3)To see the possible benefits of eco-tourism (4)To testify the tourism commercialize of the country and to examine the policies and programmes to attract the tourists (5)To assess the employment oppor tunity created in the tourism sector (6) To identify the challenges of tourism and to project the future of tourism market in Bangladesh. 4. Review of Literature It is worth noting that the review of literature provides an understanding of the issues closely related to the topic. Moreover, it is a crying need to justify the research under-study and to find out the knowledge gap in the field.The researcher has studied a number of web-sites, books, articles, reports and manuscripts on tourism sector. It has been found that literature with specific focus on this sector is not sufficient. However, a brief review of literature is given below. 4. 1 Afroze (2007) Eco-tourism and Green Productivity in Bangladesh written by Afroze discusses the development of tourism market in Bangladesh. Firstly, he discusses the major tourist attractions like Coxs Bazar, Hilly Districts, Paharpur etc. Secondly, he discusses the role of BPC and other government, semi-government and non-government agencies. Then he mentions prospects of eco-tourism in Bangladesh.He tells that Bangladesh is endowed with the largest mangrove ecosystems in the world, the Sundarbans, the longest unspoiled natural sea-beach in the world, the largest man-made lake at Kaptai, and the Hilly Districts of Rangamati, Bandarban and Khagrachari and a vast shoreward marine environment. He also discusses the role of government for the development of tourism industry in Bangladesh. He also tells that proper infrastructure is a necessary for the development of tourism. Lack of infrastructure has been one of the prime causes of slow tourism development in Bangladesh. He notifys that brochures and other promotional material could be distributed through all foreign missions in Bangladesh, through Bangladesh Biman, the national carrier.This article gives the researcher a true picture of tourism market in Bangladesh. It will be very adjuvant to the researcher but it lacks overall discussion of growth and challenges of t ourism in Bangladesh. So the scope of the present study is wider than that. 4. 2 Amin (2007) The agent in his article named The Role of Tourism in Bangladesh Economy emphasizes the role of tourism in developing countries for their economic development. He mentions some positive benefits of tourism, i. e. , tourism offers the opportunity of providing jobs for different classes of people and thereby contributing to the alleviation of poverty in developing countries.Tourism generates jobs directly through hotels, restaurants, taxis, souvenir sales and indirectly through the supply of goods and services needed by tourism related business. In addition, tourism can induce the local government to make infrastructural improvements and also make an important contribution to a countrys balance of payments. He also mentions that tourism development may be an important performer for economic advancement for Bangladesh if necessary initiatives are taken. But he does not mention what initiative s are taken? He does not mention anything about the role of BPC for the development of tourism in Bangladesh. The article exists some limitations and the scope of it is narrow.So the present research is an elaborative one. 4. 3 Bashar (2007) The causation in his article titled service of Forests Socio-cultural Roles and Nature-based Eco-tourism defines eco-tourism, describes the eco-tourism spots and states the benefits of eco-tourism. He tells that in Bangladesh , we have some important forest areas Chittagong (Sitakondo, Karaerhat, Chunati), Coxs Bazar (Eidgaon, Eidgar, Fashiakhali), Sylhet ( Lawasara and Rama Kalenga), Mymensingh (Sherpur), Tangail (Modhupur), Noakhali (Nijhum Islands) and Khulna ( Sundarbans the largest mangrove) to be considered as the eco-tourism spots. This abbreviation is a uncomplete one of tourism in Bangladesh.It is not a wide analysis. It does not extend the role of BPC, the policies and initiatives of BPC to the tourism. So, the present study is wi der than that. 4. 4 Firoz (2007) Eco-tourism in Bangladesh by Firoz defines eco-tourism and then shows the economic objectives of tourism in Bangladesh. He states that the tourism industry in countries like Bangladesh is driven by economic objectives, seeking an increase in taxes, job opportunities and infrastructure development. Then he defines eco-tourism and shows positive and negative benefits of eco-tourism. He states that the negative environmental impact of eco-tourism development is of serious concern.In Nepal, for example, the rapid growth of the trekking industry has increased pollution in the Himalayas as well as Kathmandu and caused dangerous crowding and destruction of trails. This article has some limitations. The scope of it is not wide. The analysis of this article is a part of the tourism industry. 4. 5 Hasan (2004) The author in his article named Developing Eco-tourism in Bangladesh defines eco-tourism and tells the prospects of eco-tourism market in Bangladesh. He defines eco-tourism as nature and culture-based tourism. He mentions that in Bangladesh we have some world-class tourism products, both natural and cultural. Our Sundarbans is a nature-based world heritage designated by the UNESCO. It is the largest mangrove forest in the world.The 8th century Paharpur Buddhist Monastery in Naogaon, a world heritage, is the single largest Buddhist Monastery in the world. He suggests that to attract more and more international eco-tourists to Bangladesh, we need to get recognition, such as the world heritage, from the UNESCO, for the world-class national heritage we have in our country. This article only discusses eco-tourism and its prospects which is part of our tourism industry. It does not check the growth and challenges of tourism. He does not analyze the role of BPC. So the present study is wider than that. 4. 6 Haque (2006) Tourism assiduity in Bangladesh written by Haque discusses variant aspects of development of tourism industry in Bang ladesh.According to the author, tourism provides not only economic prosperity but also provides people with the opportunity to enrich themselves with new experience, enjoy the rare attractive things of other countries and gather knowledge about them. The author focuses that there is a vast potentiality to develop this industry in Bangladesh. This country has long tradition to accept the people from far and near for ages with enchanting natural beauty, archaeological and historical monuments, colorful culture and friendly people. The author describes various policies and initiatives taken by the BPC for the development of tourism industry in Bangladesh. This article is very sufficient for the researcher. But he does not mention the challenges of tourism face up by the BPC. So there exists some limitations. 4. Huque (2004) The author in his article titled Eco-tourism and Some Rich Tourist Spots in Bangladesh states that generally man wants to know what is unknown to him and to see wh at he has never seen. This ardent desire and inner urge has given rise the modern concept of tourism. Then he defines eco-tourism and he mentions some tourist spots which are best potential for eco-tourism. He tells that eco-tourism has originated from conscience of environment. He mentions that Bangladesh is blessed with two of the worlds splendid and enchanting eco-tourism spots the Sundarbans and the Chittagong Hill Tract. He also tells that the benefit of tourism is immense.The scope of the article is not wide. It only analyzes eco-tourism and its prospects. It does not foil the overall discussion of tourism. 4. 8 Haque (2005) Tourism Our Gold Mine for Development discusses that Bangladesh is a country blessed with marvelous stunning spectacles and potential tourist spots and unique topographical attractions which have served promising features worthy of taping for immense economic benefits and commercial tourism. He tells that tourism has earned its unique fructify as a wide range of business dimensions and is regarded like a goldmine for economic development and prosperity. This article will help the researcher very sufficiently.But it does not cover all the things related to the tourism. 4. 9 Kabir and Bhuiya (2004) The authors in their article titled Eco-tourism Development in Bangladesh An Overview state that in Bangladesh, eco-tourism is in its infancy. But she belongs to a high eco-tourism potentiality. Our forests, beaches, rivers, birds ethnic races would be the main attractions of eco-tourists. The paper is a modest attempt to explain the present situation of eco-tourism development in Bangladesh from development viewpoint and with a searing assessment. The paper is prepared based on published and unpublished secondary sources. The study helps the researcher very sufficiently.It does not cover the growth and challenges of tourism in Bangladesh. So the scope of this study is limited. 4. 10 Kayemuddin (2005) The author in his article named Golde n approaching of Tourism Industry in Bangladesh states that Bangladesh is a country of full of fun and place of enjoyment. He tells that tourism is an important industry in any country. He mentions that there are some problems in the way to develop tourism in Bangladesh. The problems that identified are as follows very limited spots are available for tourism, shortage of infrastructure, able attention has been focused, lack of appropriate programmes. internal air services limited etc.He also states that the problems may be overcome through joint efforts of the Government and the Peolpe of Bangladesh. This article will help the researcher very sufficiently. But the scope of this is not wide. 4. 11 Mansur (2007) Why is Tourism Lagging Behind in Bangladesh? by Mansur identifies the bottlenecks that are holding the industry back in Bangladesh and proposes reforms that could make tourism one of the biggest foreign exchange earning sectors in the country. He states that our tourism in dustry is full of problems and bottlenecks most of which are man-made and possible to overcome if we have sincerity in tackling them. A few challenges remain but for the moment it will be enough to work with what we can change and achieve easily.He states that a national tourism organization that has the following qualities it should be completely fissiparous consisting of experienced professionals from the industry, it must be headed by an experienced professional from the industry etc. The analysis of this article is worthy for the researcher, but the scope of it is limited. 4. 12 Mondal (2006) The author in his article titled Tourism Enriches narrates a brief picture of tourism in Bangladesh. He says that the present tourism sector are faced some problems and constraints and these are Bangladeshs image problem abroad as a tourist destination, lack of knowledge among the planners and policy-makers, discontinuity in the implementation of policies and programmes for tourism promo tion with the change of governments etc.At last he comments that if Bangladesh can solve the above problems and constraints, she will shortly become an important destination for regional and international tourists. The article does not cover all the things related to tourism. So it is a limited one. 4. 13 Rahman (2007) The author in his article named Bangladesh A Host of Tourist Treasures states that the tourism industry of Bangladesh has great potentials both as a foreign exchange earner and provider of job opportunities with the resultant multiplier effect on the countrys economy as a whole. He also tells that the BPC is primarily a tourism service provider and promoter of tourism product. He also focuses that Bangladesh has huge prospects of tourism.He mentions some tourist spots like Coxs Bazar, Kuakata, Sundarbans which have huge potentials. This article does not cover all the things related to the tourism sector. The scope of this article is limited. 4. 14 Salam (2007) The aut hor in his article named Eco-tourism Protect the Reserve Mangrove Forest, the Sunder bans and Its Flora and Fauna describes that nature-oriented tourism can be one means to help achieve sustainability in the reserve forest as well as protecting the important world heritage site. He also states that well-planned tourism could provide economic and political incentives for proper management and for conservation and could ring additional benefit to local communities and regional economies. This article covers only specific things to the tourism sector. It does not cover the role and performance of the BPC. 4. 15 Siddiqi (2003) The author in his article named Bangladesh as a Tourist Destination identifies eco-tourism as a new concept to develop tourism without disturbing ecological balance. The author identifies some problems of tourism sector such as lack of professionalism, negative image of the country, shortage of properly qualified and efficient manpower etc. These are causing hindr ance to the development of tourism. The problem is so acute that the BPC has so far not been able to develop definite tourism products.The analysis and invoice of this article is not sufficient. It only discusses the problems, but does not show any solution. 4. 16 Siddiqi (2007) The author in his article named Bangladesh is Gold Mine of Eco-tourism Attractions states that Bangladesh has wealth of eco-tourism attractions. He also states that the goal of eco-tourism development in Bangladesh should be to capture a portion of the enormous global tourism market by attracting visitors to natural areas and using the revenues, to find local conservation and fuel economic development. This is a partial analysis of tourism. It is not elaborative. It does not cover the growth and challenges of tourism in Bangladesh. 4. 17 Siddiqi (2007) Public-Private Sector Partnership Essential to the Development of Tourism states that tourism development has been an activity which depends on two main grou ps the public and the private sectors. The government, in its leadership role, has always been known to spearhead and pioneer tourism development, by the infrastructural foundation, providing the legislative, physical, fiscal, social and environmental framework, within which the private sector can operate. He also tells that the private sector is considered to be the entity that sustains the tourism industry with its entrepreneurial skills in key sectors such as hotel establishments, travel agencies, tour operation and resorts. At last, he states that we strongly believe that if the government works as felicitator and provides all support o the private sector for their commercial ventures, the development of tourism in the country will get the real boost. The article does not cover all the things related to the tourism sector. It only deals with the co-operation of both public and private to the development of tourism in Bangladesh. 4. 18 Siddiqua (2006) The author in her article n amed Eco-tourism New Approach to Economic Development in Bangladesh discusses various aspects of development of eco-tourism industry in Bangladesh. She only emphasizes on the economic sides of eco-tourism. The study is a review work based on secondary selective reading and information. Information and data on eco-tourism for different countries are studied.The analysis of her includes economic impacts of eco-tourism, scope of eco-tourism in Bangladesh, role of eco-tourism on Bangladesh economy. The scope of this article is not wide. She does not mention the role and performance of BPC to develop tourism in Bangladesh. 4. 19 Saha and K. C. (2005) The authors in their article named An estimation on the Problems and Prospects of Eco-tourism in Royal Chitwan National Park (RCNP), Nepal state to provide insights into the demand and the relative importance of the eco-tourism by examining the characteristics and motivations of local and international tourists participating in eco-tourism ventures at Royal Chitwan National Park (RCNP), Nepal.They also state that another prerequisite of eco-tourism is to create schemes, which allow the local communities to obtain fair share and direct benefit from eco-tourism and to bring incentives from biodiversity conservation. A tourism that combines basic needs of the local community and ensures environmental conservation issues can assure sustainable eco-tourism. essential and secondary data are used in this study. The study indicates that eco-tourism can be the bridge between biodiversity conservation and developed in the study area. The analysis of this study is not elaborative. It is partial analysis of tourism industry. This study is confined to the specific thing. So, the present study is wider than that. 4. 20 Ullah (1996) The writer in his book titled Hridaye Parjatan expresses his view that the roblems faced by a developing country are different from those faced by a developed one of the west. He states that tourism is one of the important sectors in the world. It provides job opportunity, foreign exchange earnings. He did not mention the functions of BPC, manpower, services and financial performance. He opined that the policies of BPC are not enough to promote the development of tourism market in Bangladesh. He does not analyze the role of BPC separately. The review of literature suggests that, there exists knowledge-gap in the field of present research. No comprehensive research was conducted so far in Bangladesh in this context. 5. Justifications and Feasibility 5. 1 JustificationsThe existing knowledge-gap in the above discussion makes the main justification for undertaking the present research. Bangladesh is a developing country. Tourism is an important source of foreign exchange earnings, offering opportunities for job creation and infrastructure development, even in remote areas. The UNWTO says that 2007 is critical for tourism to become a very strong tool in the fight against poverty and a primary tool for sustainable development. The present tourism sector in Bangladesh does not present a pleasant picture. International tourist arrivals in 2001 stood at 207,199. Available sources suggest that the number stood at 207,662 in the year 2005. This means an addition of only 463 foreign tourists in four years.The meager foreign exchange earning due to low arrival of foreign tourists, particularly western tourists, represent one percent of Bangladeshs total export economy. Direct and indirect employment in the tourism sector is slightly over 100,000 and 200,000 respectively, and this is a discouraging figure against the countrys total labor force of 75 million or so. The proposed research is supposed to examine the problems and challenges and suggest remedial measures. The research will be very much useful to the planners and policy-makers relating to the tourism sector in Bangladesh. The research will be useful to the academicians and researchers.The findings will open ne w avenues of research on the tourism sector and also be used as a secondary source of data by researchers of days to come. 5. 2 Feasibility The researcher is confident of completing the proposed research successfully by exploring the feasibilities mentioned below. i)The researcher is a student of economic science and teaches Industrial Economics at undergraduate level. The Economics background and academic command over industrial policy will help the researcher to complete the study successfully. ii)Some studies of this manakin were shrinkn in some of the developed as well as developing countries, particularly in India, the outcomes of which are available in printed forms and in the internet. These studies will benefit the researcher substantially. ii)Necessary data are available from authentic sources, like BPC, Ministry of Civil Aviation and Tourism, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) and other Government sources. Some research organizations like Bangladesh set up of Develo pment Studies (BIDS), Center for Policy Dialogue (CPD) etc. provide ample data along with analysis. iv)Supervision and close monitoring of supervisor, logistic support for IBS and intellectual help from other think-tanks will make the study possible. v)The fellowship granted by IBS to the researcher will contribute to bear some of the expenses to undertake the proposed research. Besides, the researcher is helpful to avail himself of grants and scholarship from some other sources like SSRC, UGC, etc. which will supposedly relive the researcher and help the study complete within the stipulated time. 6. ruleological analysis 6. 1 Definition The word method is derived from two Greek words viz. meta and hodos meaning a way, a way of doing something. A method is a planned, systematic and well articulated approach of investigation. It involves a process where the stages or steps of collecting data are explained and analytical techniques are also defined. methodology is a set of methods w hich are used in a particular area of activity. It is the systematic study of the principles which guide scientific investigation. 6. 2 Selection of mode The proposed research will be an evaluative type of study.Mainly documentary method will be applied in conducting the proposed study. Justification of adopting documentary method is that it is appropriately applicable in finding out what has happened in course of time and correlating the events. The analysis of the research will be primarily quantitative in nature, although to realize the objectives of the study, qualitative approach will be necessary. The research will exploit the data of the last 35 years (1973-2007) of the BPC. The researcher will undertake an opinion survey on purposively selected persons. 6. 3 Study Area The study area will be three categories of tourism such as nature, culture and water-based tourism.The selected tourist spots for this study are Sundarbans, Pharpur Buddhist Monastery and Coxs Bazar. 6. 4 Sou rces of information The research will exploit the data of the last 35 years (1973-2007) of the BPC. Both primary and secondary but mostly secondary data will be used in the study. 6. 4. 1 Primary Sources Primary sources include interviews and discussions with the purposively selected persons, unpublished documents of BPC etc. 6. 4. 2 Secondary Sources Secondary sources include published official statistics, reports, documents, books, articles, periodicals of different domestic and international agencies, daily newspapers, theses, dissertations, statistics and publications of BPC and the Ministry of Civil Aviation and Tourism.Web-sites of related local and international institutions will also be used as sources of data. 6. 5 Sample Design Type of try Purposive Sampling Procedure will be followed Respondents Policy makers (20) Employees of BPC (20) Private Tour Operators (20) Tourism Consultants (10) Local Tourists (50) Foreign Tourists (20) Tourist Guides (10) Sample Size 150 6. 6 Instruments for Data Collection Data will be collected by using different types of tools like questionnaire, interviews, discussions etc. 6. 7 depth psychology of Data Data and information provided by the sources will be analyzed with rationality. Collection and processing of data will be done with prudence and acknowledgements.Analyses of data will be set up with the use of frequency distributions, measures of central tendency, time series and simple regression. Interpretations of facts will be done by the use of various tools, such as tables, charts, line graphs, bar-diagram, pie-chart, histogram and historigram. 6. 8 Interpretation Primary analysis will be reexamined with critical observation and logical arguments. 7. Scope of the Study and Limitations 7. 1 Scope of the Study The proposed research is supposed to display the economic and employment opportunities of tourism in Bangladesh. The researcher will analyze the growth trends of tourism and its importance in relation to ec onomic development of Bangladesh. Then the researcher will study the growth trends, performance and role of BPC.The researcher will examine the tourism market of the country and to examine the policies and programmes to attract the tourists. How the BPC is running and how it can play our economy to create employment opportunity and to earn foreign exchange and what are the challenges faced by the BPC to develop tourism industry in Bangladesh. The researcher will identify the challenges and to project the future of tourism market in Bangladesh. At the beginning, the policy and initiatives measures taken by the BPC will be evaluated. Then the way of development of tourism process will be analyzed. The core area of the study will be the explanation of the performance of BPC.Finally, the study will offer some policy recommendations in order to help perform better by the BPC. 7. 2 Limitations of the Study i)Tourism is a virgin field in Bangladesh. No comprehensive research work was done before. No text book is available. Tourism related articles, features are only found on daily newspapers, magazines etc. ii)Data of the early years of BPC are sometimes not available. iii)Time and resource constraints also exist. 8. Time Reference The proposed research is designed to cover the time span of 35 years from 1973 to 2007. 9. Time Frame 1st phase July 2006 June 2007 Completion of one year long course work at IBS Preparation for undertaking the research 2nd phase July 2007 June 2008 Presentation of M. Phil registration seminar Preparation, pre-testing and finalization of questionnaire Completion of data collection and processing Presentation of passage seminar for Ph. D. program 3rd phase July 2008 June 2009 Completion of draft dissertation writing Editing and upgrading the draft Presentation of pre-submission seminar Submission of the final dissertation 10. Projected thesis Structure Chapter 1 Introduction 1. 1 Prelude 1. 2Statement of the Problem 1. 3Operational De finitions 1. 4Objectives of the Study 1. 5Review of Literature 1. 6Justification of the Study 1. 7Scope and Limitations of the Study 1. 8Methodology 1. Plan of Dissertation Chapter 2 issue Trends of Tourism in Bangladesh 2. 1 Growth of Domestic Tourists 2. 2 Growth of International Tourists 2. 3 Growth of Foreign Exchange Earnings 2. 4 Growth of radix for Tourism 2. 5 Prospects of Tourism Investment 2. 6 Contribution of Tourism in the National Economy 2. 7 Conclusion Chapter 3 Importance of Eco-tourism in Respect of Economic Development of Bangladesh 3. 1 Importance of Eco-tourism 3. 2 Tourism and Economic Development 3. 3 Tourism and Infrastructural Development 3. 4 Economic jolt of Eco-tourism 3. 5Role of Eco-tourism on Bangladesh Economy 3. 6 ConclusionChapter 4 BPCS Role as a Tourism Industry and Its Performance 4. 1 Introduction to BPC 4. 2 Objectives of BPC 4. 3 Functions and Responsibilities of BPC 4. 4 Administrative Setup of BPC 4. 5 Tourism Facilities Created Under BPC 4. 6 Performance of BPC 4. 7 Conclusion Chapter 5 A Critical Analysis of Tourism Policy, Development Strategies and Prospects of marketing 5. 1 Tourism Policy of Bangladesh 5. 2 Critical Analysis of Tourism Policy 5. 3 Review of First Tourism Development Master Plan 5. 4 Scope of Tourism in Bangladesh and Prospects of Marketing 5. 5 Present Development Plan 5. 6 Conclusion Chapter 6 Creation of Employment in Tourism Sector 6. Employment Opportunity in Bangladesh 6. 2 Direct Employment Opportunity Created Through Tourism 6. 3 Indirect Employment Opportunity Created Through Tourism 6. 4 Prospects of Job Opportunity to Be Created Through Tourism 6. 5 Conclusion Chapter 7 Challenges and Future of Tourism Industry in Bangladesh 7. 1 Tourism Industry in Bangladesh 7. 2 Challenges of Tourism Industry in Bangladesh 7. 3 Tourism and Economic Growth 7. 4 Tourism and Foreign Exchange Earnings 7. 5Projection of Inflow of Tourists 7. 6Role of Media 7. 7 Conclusion Chapter 8 Summary of Findings and Conclusions 8. 1 Preamble 8. 2 Findings 8. 3 Recommendations 8. 4 Conclusions Bibliography Appendix 11. ConclusionPresent research proposal is based on preliminary review of literature and it is tentative in nature. It may undergo changes with throw out of the study as well as with incorporation of better suggestions, recommendations, opinions of scholars, teachers and learned supervisor. Bibliography (Tentative) A. Manuscripts Chandra Praba, A. Environmental Aspects of Tourism in Palani an Opinion Survey. M. Phil. Dissertation. Madurai Kamarj University. Madurai, 2002. George, P. O. Management of Tourism Industry in Kerala. Unpublished Ph. D. Thesis. Mahathma Gandhi University. Kottayam, 2003. Kalaiarasi, N. An Economic Study of Tourism in Madurai City. M. Phil. Dissertation. Madurai Kamaraj University. Madurai, 1991. Kamalakshy, M. V. Hotel Industry in Kerala with Reference to Tourism. Unpublished Ph. D. Thesis. Cochin University of Science and Technology. Kerala, 1996. Sudh eer, S. V. Tourism in Kerala Problems and Prospects. Unpublished Ph. D. Thesis. University of Kerala. Kerala, 1992. Rajadurai, M. An Economic Study of Growth and Pattern of Tourist Inflows in Tamil Nadu. Unpublished Ph. D. Thesis. Madurai Kamaraj University. Madurai, 2005. B. Documents Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation (BPC). Tourism Statistics of Bangladesh. Dhaka Planning, Training and Statistics Division, BPC, 2005. C. Books Abedin, M. Zainul. A go on Book of Research for the Fellows of M. Phil. and Ph. D. Programmes. Dhaka Book Syndicate, 1996.Batra, K. L. Problems and Prospectives of Tourism. Jaipur Prontwell Publishers, 1990. Bezbaruah, M. P. Indian Tourism Beyond the Millennium. New Delhi Gyan Publishing House, 1999. Bhatia, A. K. International Tourism. Delhi greatest Publishers Private Ltd, 1992. Bhatia, A. K. Tourism Development. New Delhi Sterling Publishers (P) Ltd, 1983. Bhatia, A. K. Tourism Management and Marketing. New Delhi Sterling Publishers (P) Ltd, 1997. Bijender , K Punia. Tourism Management Problems and Prospects. New Delhi Ashish Publishing House, 1994. Dhulasi, Birundha Varadarajan. Eco Tourism An Evolution. New Delhi Kanisha Publishers, Distributors, 2003.Krishan, K Kamara. Managing Tourist Destination. New Delhi Kanisha Publishers, Distributors, 2001. Mathieson, A. and Wall, G. Tourism- Economic, somatogenic and Social Impacts. New York Longman, 1982. Mohammed, Zulfikar. Introduction to Tourism and Hotel Industry. New Delhi Vikas Publishing House (P) Ltd. , 1998. Mowforth, M. and Munt, I. Tourism and Sustainability Development and New Tourism in the Third World. London Routledge, 2003. Nash, D. Anthropology of Tourism. Oxford Pergamon, 1996. Raina, A. K. and Lodha, R. C. basic principle of Tourism System. New Delhi Kanisha Publishers, Distributors, 2004. Roger, Carter. Tourism- Excises and Activates. Ed.London Jeff Carpenter Publishers, Hodder and Sloughton, 1990. Sharma, J. K. Tourism in India. Jaipur Classic Publishing House, 1991 . Sharma, K. K. New Dimension in Tourism and Hotel Industry. New Delhi Sarup & Sons, 1998. Stephen, F. Witt and Luiz, Moutinhop. Tourism Marketing and Management Hand Book. London Prentice Hall, 1995. Suhita, Chopra. Tourism & Development in India. New Delhi Ashish Publishing House, 1991. Tewari, S. P. Tourism Dimensions. New Delhi Sterling Publishers Private Ltd, 1994. Ullah, Mohammed Ahsan. Hridaye ParjatanTourism in the Heart. Dhaka Sweety Rahman, 1996. Vivek, Sharma. Tourism in India. Jaipur Arihant Publisher. D. ArticlesAmin, Sakib Din. The Role of Tourism in Bangladesh Economy. The Bangladesh beholder. May 08, 2007. Bashar, Dr. MA. Services of Forests Socio-cultural Roles and Nature-based Eco-tourism. The Daily Star. 6 April, 2007. Carte, R. W. Baxter, G. S. Hockings, M. Resource Management in Tourism Research New Direction. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 9(4), 2001. Haque, Dr. Mahfuzul. Tourism Industry in Bangladesh. The Daily Star. 27 September, 2006. Haque, K. M. Saiful. Eco-tourism and Some Rich Tourist Spots in Bangladesh. The Bangladesh Observer, Observer Magazine. February 13, 2004. Haque, K. M. Saiful. Tourism Our Gold Mine for Development.The Bangladesh Observer, Observer Magazine. March 25, 2005. Hasan, Faruque. Developing Eco-tourism in Bangladesh. The Daily Star. 27 September 2004. Hossain, Muhammad and Akter, Nasrin. Electronic Means in Tourism Applicability and Challenges for Bangladesh. Journal of Institute of Bangladesh Studies. Vol. 29 (August, 2006). Kayemuddin, Prof. Dr. Md. Golden Future of Tourism Industry in Bangladesh. The Bangladesh Observer, Observer Magazine. 25 March 2005. Mondal, M. Abdul Latif. Tourism Enriches. The Daily Star. 27 September 2006. Mansur, Hasan. Why is Tourism Lagging Behind in Bangladesh? . The New Age. 16 May 2007. Naik, G. P. and S. G.Kulkarni. Socio-Economic Benefits of Tourism. Indian Commerce Bulletin. Vol. 2 No. 2 (August, 1998). Siddiqi, Raquib. Bangladesh as a Tourist Destination. The Bangladesh Ob server, Observer Magazine. September 19, 2003. Siddiqua, Tasnim. Eco-tourism New Approach to Economic Development in Bangladesh. Khulna University Studies. Vol. 7, No. 1 (June, 2006). Saha, S. K and K. C. , Deepak. An Assessment on the Problems and Prospects of Ecotourism in Royal Chitwan National Park (RCNP), Nepal. Khulna University Studies. Vol. 6, No. 1&2 (June-December, 2005). Sherlock, K. Revisiting the Concept of Hosts and Guests. Tourism Studies 1(3), 2001.The Bangladesh Monitor. (A Fortnightly Journal, Vol. XVI, Issue No. 16), 1-15, April 2007. Veerrrasikaran, R. Significance of Tourism in India. The Southern Economist. Vol. 32 No. 9 (September 1, 1993). Vijayakumar. New Strategy for Indian Tourism Industry. Southern Economist. Vol. 37, No. 10, 1998. E. Websites Afroze, Ruby. Eco-tourism and Green Productivity in Bangladesh. Link http//www. apo-tokyo. org/ag/e_publi/gplinkeco/07chapter5. pdf. Amin, Sakib Din. The Role of Tourism in Bangladesh Economy. The New Nation (Web ed ition). Link http//nation. ittefaq. com/artman/exec/view. cgi/60/32702. Firoz, Remeen. Eco-tourism in Bangladesh. Link http

Choledocholithiasis

Choledocholithiasis (which called bitterness groove st nonpareils or gall bladder st geniuss in the impudence duct) is the presence of gems from gall bladder in the common land bile duct. Stones commonly form in gall bladder but they roughlytimes pass with the cystic duct into common bile duct. There are some(prenominal) symptoms of gallstone in common bile duct.For example abdominal pain (in the decline amphetamine or tenderness upper abdomen), fever, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), loss of appetite, na utilisationa and vomiting and clay-colored stools.) Healthline, 2016)So, this condition diagnosed and treated by ERCP. ERCP (Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography) is a subprogram that enables impact to examine the pancreatic and bile ducts by insert lighted thermionic vacuum tube which called endoscope (like the thickness of your index finger) is placed finished and finished the m let onh and into stomach and prototypical part of the small catgut (duodenum) exactly in (ampulla) and passed of understructurenula (which a small plastic tube) through the endoscope and into this opening with injected contrast material and X-rays are taken to get word the common bile duct. (Suissa et al., 2018) (Turk, 2011)Fluoroscopy is a radiographic procedure that provides a moral force flesh of the interior of the body frequently after the administration of the contrast media with the exercise of persistent roentgen ray ray that passes through the area of interest and afterward the attenuated beam that come out of the uncomplaining is received by a video monitor to public opinion the body part motion in details.The fluoroscopic studies can efficiently detect variety of abnormalities of different body brasss such as the skeletal, digestive, cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive and urinary system. (University of Rochester health check Center,2018). In this assignment I go away discuss about equipment apply in ERCP, role of r adiographer in ERCP, technical and moving picture consideration of ERCP and effect study. ?ERCP Equipment ERCP contain endoscopy and fluoroscopy.Fluoroscopy incorporates of C-arm and monitor. Endoscopy consist of flexible tube which called endoscope with at the end it contain a tiny video camera and light. There is a canal inside components of the scope through which thin instruments are passed and can be poked out the tubes end. These instruments include a catheter, balloon, basket, sphincterotome, biopsy forceps and cytology drag in and stents. So, for injecting contrast media into the ducts by use of catheter.Used of balloon is to stretch unbendable areas of the bile duct or pancreatic duct. Also, for removing and manipulating stones used of basket, and to incise tissue and make the bile duct or pancreatic duct opening bigger used of a sphincterotome. Biopsy forceps and cytology brush use to obtain microscopic exam, and use stent to bridge blockages.Other openings allow the doctor up up to suck out water or air inside digestive system as well as clean the camera lens. Control the travail of the tube by gently get-up-and-go and pulling on its external end is through with(p) by the doctor while also steering the inside end with govern knobs that the doctor holds in his hand. Video television covert in the procedure room is received images from the endoscope.Also, obtain an x-ray image of the bile duct and pancreatic duct by the fluoroscopy. (ASGA, 2016).Role of Radiographer in ERCP sooner enquiry First, asked to disengage any clothing or jewelry that whitethorn get in the way of the body area to be examined and wear off gown. Then, check expose and an identification list of the affected role. Third, prepare the C-arm machine and the monitor. Fourth, positioned on the x-ray table depending on what the doctor want. Fifth, make sure everyone who girdle in ERCP room wear lead apron. (ASGA, 2016).During examination Regarding on departments equ ipment, radiographer may exact to stay out in the control panel or may be able to endorse in the room to x-ray. stand in the room to x-ray In the latter, it is alpha to pay close attention so as non to elude cue to x-ray.The doctor get out ask the radiographer to x-ray when it is required if screen or spot.Also, the radiographer be attention for doctor and tolerant condition. (ASGA, 2016). after(prenominal) examinationThe radiographer save the image and sent it. Make sure the machine is clean. (ASGA, 2016).Technical of ERCP Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a proficiency that to diagnose and treat diseases regarding to the pancreato liver-coloredy system by used of endoscopy and fluoroscopic imaging.The endoscopic portion of the examination uses endoscope that is passed through the esophagus and stomach and into the second portion of the duodenum. For obtaining high-quality radiographic images and for the prevention of pulmonary aspiration and consider ed optimal for cannulation of the papilla, so ERCP is performed with the uncomplaining in the prone position. But, tolerants who can not able for prone position for ERCP are a good deal placed in the left wing lateral decubitus or supine positions. ( Malas, 2017) shaft exposure consideration of ERCP In ERCP the fluoroscopy time is shorter when ERCP is performed by doctor who has many historic period experience of through ERCP and carried out a large number of ERCPs in the past year. In general, light beam exposure is higher during therapeutic ERCP than during diagnostic ERCP. Radiation dose to patients during ERCP depends on many factors, and the doctor unable to control some variables which are patient size, procedure type, or fluoroscopic equipment used.In a recent future study where ERCP instruments used for example, stent debut, lithotripsy, needle-knife, biopsies, the use of a guide fit out or additional wires other than the standard, a balloon and catheter, that wil l significantly increase fluoroscopy duration. (Boix and Lorenzo-Ziga, 2011)Patient preparation and care Before the examination, the stomach should be empty.The patient who does the ERCP must not eat anything after midnight on the evening before the exam. Regarding for examination time, if the procedure is done early in the morning, no drinks must be taken, but if examination is done at noon time, a cup of tea, juice, milk, or coffee can be taken four hours earlier. medications of heart and breed pressure must always be taken with a little amount of water in the early morning.The patient needs to have a companion drive them home after the procedure, since the procedure will require endovenous sedation. (Jay and Marks, 2018) To cause informality and sleepiness, the patient will be delivern medications through a vein. Local anesthetic is given to the patient to decrease the gag reflex. Some doctors prefer to give the patients more intravenous medications for sedation, so do not us e local anesthetic.This also applies to those patients who cannot tolerate the bitter taste of the local anesthetic or who have a news report of allergy to xylocaine and the numbness sense in the throat. The intravenous medication is given, while the patient is lying on the left side on the X-ray table, and past the instrument is inserted gently through the mouth into the duodenum.The instrument advances through the food passage and not the air passage. It does not interfere with the eupneic and gagging is usually prevented or decreased by the medication. After the examination, patients must be observed in the recovery place until most of the effects from the medications have feeble off. This sometimes takes one to two hours. (Jay and Marks, 2018)Case study This case study is about 77 years old female patient with H/O common bile duct stones. The condition start 8 months ago by right upper abdominal pain and clay colored stools. The patient came to Royal Hospital and the doctor headstrong to take x-ray first. So, they found 3 large stones in common bile duct. Then the doctor decided to do ERCP. The ERCP was done in 7/5/2018.The doctor saw a perimapullary diverticulum and with injected contrast through common bile duct, the cholangiogram showed 3 large stones proximally can to back, the balloon was used to remove the stones. However, this patient was uncooperative, so stenting done in long time with use 9cm plastic biliary stent with good bile drainage. (Royal, 2018) decision Overall, ERCP is procedure to examine different diseases regarding to biliary system. One of these conditions is choledocholithiasis which is stone in gallbladder or common bile duct. ERCP can diagnose and treat choledocholithiasis. ERCP used fluoroscopy to examine the endoscope inside the patient, so radiographer is one of most big member in ERCP room.Also, ERCP used endoscope insert through the mouth into stomach with insert some instrument inside its canal. Technique of insertio n endoscope with lower radiation dose for the experienced endoscopists, patient and who stay in ERCP room. Nowadays, ERCP is most common done in world, so most of the people hit the sack about it.CholedocholithiasisCholedocholithiasis (which called bile duct stones or gall bladder stones in the bile duct) is the presence of stones from gall bladder in the common bile duct. Stones usually form in gall bladder but they sometimes pass through the cystic duct into common bile duct.There are many symptoms of gallstone in common bile duct. For example abdominal pain (in the right upper or middle upper abdomen), fever, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting and clay-colored stools.) Healthline, 2016) So, this condition diagnosed and treated by ERCP.ERCP (Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography) is a procedure that enables doctor to examine the pancreatic and bile ducts by insert lighted tube which called endoscope (like the thickness of you r index finger) is placed through the mouth and into stomach and first part of the small intestine (duodenum) exactly in (ampulla) and passed of cannula (which a small plastic tube) through the endoscope and into this opening with injected contrast material and X-rays are taken to study the common bile duct. (SAGES, 2018)Fluoroscopy is a radiographic procedure that provides a dynamic image of the inside of the body frequently after the administration of the contrast media with the use of persistent x-ray beam that passes through the area of interest and later the attenuated beam that come out of the patient is received by a video monitor to view the body part motion in details.The fluoroscopic studies can efficiently detect variety of abnormalities of different body systems such as the skeletal, digestive, cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive and urinary system. (University of Rochester Medical Center,2018).In this assignment I will discuss about equipment used in ERCP, role of radiographer in ERCP, technical and exposure consideration of ERCP and case study. ?ERCP Equipment ERCP contain endoscopy and fluoroscopy. Fluoroscopy consists of C-arm and monitor. Endoscopy consist of flexible tube which called endoscope with at the end it contain a tiny video camera and light. There is a canal inside components of the scope through which thin instruments are passed and can be poked out the tubes end.These instruments include a catheter, balloon, basket, sphincterotome, biopsy forceps and cytology brush and stents. So, for injecting contrast media into the ducts by used of catheter. Used of balloon is to stretch tight areas of the bile duct or pancreatic duct. Also, for removing and manipulating stones used of basket, and to incise tissue and make the bile duct or pancreatic duct opening larger used of a sphincterotome.Biopsy forceps and cytology brush use to obtain microscopic exam, and use stent to bridge blockages. Other openings allow the doctor to suck out w ater or air inside digestive system as well as clean the camera lens. Control the movement of the tube by gently pushing and pulling on its outside end is done by the doctor while also steering the inside end with control knobs that the doctor holds in his hand. Video television screen in the procedure room is received images from the endoscope.Also, obtain an x-ray image of the bile duct and pancreatic duct by the fluoroscopy. (University et al., 2018)Role of Radiographer in ERCPBefore examinationFirst, asked to remove any clothing or jewelry that may get in the way of the body area to be examined and wear gown. Then, check name and an identification number of the patient.Third, prepare the C-arm machine and the monitor. Fourth, positioned on the x-ray table depending on what the doctor want. Fifth, make sure everyone who stays in ERCP room wear lead apron.During examinationRegarding on departments equipment, radiographer may have to stay out in the control panel or may be able to stand in the room to x-ray. stand in the room to x-ray In the latter, it is important to pay close attention so as not to miss cue to x-ray.The doctor will ask the radiographer to x-ray when it is required if screen or spot. Also, the radiographer be attention for doctor and patient condition.After examinationThe radiographer save the image and sent it. Make sure the machine is clean. Technical of ERCPEndoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a technique that to diagnose and treat diseases regarding to the pancreatobiliary system by used of endoscopy and fluoroscopic imaging.The endoscopic portion of the examination uses endoscope that is passed through the esophagus and stomach and into the second portion of the duodenum. For obtaining high-quality radiographic images and for the prevention of pulmonary aspiration and considered optimal for cannulation of the papilla, so ERCP is performed with the patient in the prone position. But, patients who can not able for pron e position for ERCP are often placed in the left lateral decubitus or supine positions. ( Malas, 2017)Radiation exposure consideration of ERCPIn ERCP the fluoroscopy time is shorter when ERCP is performed by doctor who has many years experience of done ERCP and carried out a large number of ERCPs in the past year. In general, radiation exposure is higher during therapeutic ERCP than during diagnostic ERCP.Radiation dose to patients during ERCP depends on many factors, and the doctor unable to control some variables which are patient size, procedure type, or fluoroscopic equipment used. In a recent prospective study where ERCP instruments used for example, stent insertion, lithotripsy, needle-knife, biopsies, the use of a guide wire or additional wires other than the standard, a balloon and catheter, that will significantly increase fluoroscopy duration. (Boix and Lorenzo-Ziga, 2011)Patient preparation and careBefore the examination, the stomach should be empty. The patient who does the ERCP must not eat anything after midnight on the evening before the exam. Regarding for examination time, if the procedure is done early in the morning, no drinks must be taken, but if examination is done at noon time, a cup of tea, juice, milk, or coffee can be taken four hours earlier. medications of heart and blood pressure must always be taken with a little amount of water in the early morning.The patient needs to have a companion drive them home after the procedure, since the procedure will require intravenous sedation. (Jay and Marks, 2018)To cause relaxation and sleepiness, the patient will be given medications through a vein. Local anesthetic is given to the patient to decrease the gag reflex.Some doctors prefer to give the patients more intravenous medications for sedation, so do not use local anesthetic. This also applies to those patients who cannot tolerate the bitter taste of the local anesthetic or who have a history of allergy to xylocaine and the numbness sensati on in the throat.The intravenous medication is given, while the patient is lying on the left side on the X-ray table, and then the instrument is inserted gently through the mouth into the duodenum. The instrument advances through the food passage and not the air passage. It does not interfere with the breathing and gagging is usually prevented or decreased by the medication. After the examination, patients must be observed in the recovery place until most of the effects from the medications have worn off.This sometimes takes one to two hours. (Jay and Marks, 2018)Case studyThis case study is about 77 years old female patient with H/O common bile duct stones. The condition start 8 months ago by right upper abdominal pain and clay colored stools. The patient came to Royal Hospital and the doctor decided to take x-ray first.So, they found 3 large stones in common bile duct. Then the doctor decided to do ERCP. The ERCP was done in 7/5/2018. The doctor saw a perimapullary diverticulum an d with injected contrast through common bile duct, the cholangiogram showed 3 large stones proximally back to back, the balloon was used to remove the stones.However, this patient was uncooperative, so stenting done in long time with use 9cm plastic biliary stent with good bile drainage. (Royal, 2018)ConclusionOverall, ERCP is procedure to examine different diseases regarding to biliary system. One of these conditions is choledocholithiasis which is stone in gallbladder or common bile duct.ERCP can diagnose and treat choledocholithiasis. ERCP used fluoroscopy to examine the endoscope inside the patient, so radiographer is one of most important member in ERCP room. Also, ERCP used endoscope insert through the mouth into stomach with insert some instrument inside its canal.Technique of insertion endoscope with lower radiation dose for the experienced endoscopists, patient and who stay in ERCP room. Nowadays, ERCP is most common done in world, so most of the people know about it.Choled ocholithiasisCholedocholithiasis is one common disease in common bile duct. It defined as stones found it in biliary tree by usually formed in gall bladder. The bile drainage from gall bladder through the bile duct to the intestine. The location of gall bladder is under the liver and the shape of it is like a pear. The place of these stones either stay in gall bladder or go to common bile duct.The patient who has this disease, may feel one or some of these symptom like abdominal pain which exactly felt in middle or right upper abdomen, fever or jaundice (mean yellowish color in eye and skin). Also, loss appetite, nausea, vomiting or clay colored stools. ) Healthline, 2016) So, this condition diagnosed and treated by ERCP.ERCP stands for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatrography. The definition of ERCP is a minor operation done by the doctor to examine biliary tree with insert lighted tube which called endoscope, so it is placed in second part of duodenum exactly in ampulla thr ough the mouth into esophagus and stomach.The size of endoscope is similar to index finger size. At the site of endoscope in ampulla, the cannula passes through the endoscope and into this hollow with injected contrast media and the fluoroscopy taken by the radiographer to study the common bile duct. (Suissa et al., 2018) (Turk, 2011)Fluoroscopy is a radiographic procedure that provides a dynamic image of the inside of the body frequently after the administration of the contrast media with the use of persistent x-ray beam that passes through the area of interest and later the attenuated beam that come out of the patient is received by a video monitor to view the body part motion in details.The fluoroscopic studies can efficiently detect variety of abnormalities of different body systems such as the skeletal, digestive, cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive and urinary system. (University of Rochester Medical Center,2018). In this assignment I will discuss about equipment used in ERCP, role of radiographer in ERCP, technical and exposure consideration of ERCP and case study. ?ERCP Equipment ERCP contain endoscopy and fluoroscopy. Fluoroscopy consists of C-arm and monitor. Endoscopy consist of flexible tube which called endoscope with at the end it contain a tiny video camera and light. There is a canal inside components of the scope through which thin instruments are passed and can be poked out the tubes end. These instruments include a catheter, balloon, basket, sphincterotome, biopsy forceps and cytology brush and stents.So, for injecting contrast media into the ducts by used of catheter. Used of balloon is to stretch tight areas of the bile duct or pancreatic duct. Also, for removing and manipulating stones used of basket, and to incise tissue and make the bile duct or pancreatic duct opening larger used of a sphincterotome.Biopsy forceps and cytology brush use to obtain microscopic exam, and use stent to bridge blockages. Other openings allow the doctor to suck out water or air inside digestive system as well as clean the camera lens. Control the movement of the tube by gently pushing and pulling on its outside end is done by the doctor while also steering the inside end with control knobs that the doctor holds in his hand. Video television screen in the procedure room is received images from the endoscope.Also, obtain an x-ray image of the bile duct and pancreatic duct by the fluoroscopy. (ASGA, 2016).Role of Radiographer in ERCPBefore examination First, asked to remove any clothing or jewelry that may get in the way of the body area to be examined and wear gown. Then, check name and an identification number of the patient. Third, prepare the C-arm machine and the monitor.Fourth, positioned on the x-ray table depending on what the doctor want. Fifth, make sure everyone who stays in ERCP room wear lead apron. (ASGA, 2016).During examination Regarding on departments equipment, radiographer may have to stay out in the control panel or may be able to stand in the room to x-ray. stand in the room to x-ray In the latter, it is important to pay close attention so as not to miss cue to x-ray.The doctor will ask the radiographer to x-ray when it is required if screen or spot. Also, the radiographer be attention for doctor and patient condition. (ASGA, 2016).After examinationThe radiographer save the image and sent it. Make sure the machine is clean. (ASGA, 2016).Technical of ERCP Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a technique that to diagnose and treat diseases regarding to the pancreatobiliary system by used of endoscopy and fluoroscopic imaging. The endoscopic portion of the examination uses endoscope that is passed through the esophagus and stomach and into the second portion of the duodenum.For obtaining high-quality radiographic images and for the prevention of pulmonary aspiration and considered optimal for cannulation of the papilla, so ERCP is performed with the patient in the prone pos ition. But, patients who can not able for prone position for ERCP are often placed in the left lateral decubitus or supine positions. ( Malas, 2017)Radiation exposure consideration of ERCP In ERCP the fluoroscopy time is shorter when ERCP is performed by doctor who has many years experience of done ERCP and carried out a large number of ERCPs in the past year. In general, radiation exposure is higher during therapeutic ERCP than during diagnostic ERCP.Radiation dose to patients during ERCP depends on many factors, and the doctor unable to control some variables which are patient size, procedure type, or fluoroscopic equipment used. In a recent prospective study where ERCP instruments used for example, stent insertion, lithotripsy, needle-knife, biopsies, the use of a guide wire or additional wires other than the standard, a balloon and catheter, that will significantly increase fluoroscopy duration. (Boix and Lorenzo-Ziga, 2011)Patient preparation and care Before the examination, th e stomach should be empty. The patient who does the ERCP must not eat anything after midnight on the evening before the exam. Regarding for examination time, if the procedure is done early in the morning, no drinks must be taken, but if examination is done at noon time, a cup of tea, juice, milk, or coffee can be taken four hours earlier. medications of heart and blood pressure must always be taken with a little amount of water in the early morning.The patient needs to have a companion drive them home after the procedure, since the procedure will require intravenous sedation. (Jay and Marks, 2018) To cause relaxation and sleepiness, the patient will be given medications through a vein. Local anesthetic is given to the patient to decrease the gag reflex. Some doctors prefer to give the patients more intravenous medications for sedation, so do not use local anesthetic.This also applies to those patients who cannot tolerate the bitter taste of the local anesthetic or who have a history of allergy to xylocaine and the numbness sensation in the throat. The intravenous medication is given, while the patient is lying on the left side on the X-ray table, and then the instrument is inserted gently through the mouth into the duodenum.The instrument advances through the food passage and not the air passage. It does not interfere with the breathing and gagging is usually prevented or decreased by the medication. After the examination, patients must be observed in the recovery place until most of the effects from the medications have worn off.This sometimes takes one to two hours. (Jay and Marks, 2018)Case study This case study is about 77 years old female patient with H/O common bile duct stones. The condition start 8 months ago by right upper abdominal pain and clay colored stools. The patient came to Royal Hospital and the doctor decided to take x-ray first. So, they found 3 large stones in common bile duct. Then the doctor decided to do ERCP. The ERCP was done in 7/5/2 018.The doctor saw a perimapullary diverticulum and with injected contrast through common bile duct, the cholangiogram showed 3 large stones proximally back to back, the balloon was used to remove the stones. However, this patient was uncooperative, so stenting done in long time with use 9cm plastic biliary stent with good bile drainage. (Royal, 2018)Conclusion Overall, ERCP is procedure to examine different diseases regarding to biliary system. One of these conditions is choledocholithiasis which is stone in gallbladder or common bile duct. ERCP can diagnose and treat choledocholithiasis. ERCP used fluoroscopy to examine the endoscope inside the patient, so radiographer is one of most important member in ERCP room.Also, ERCP used endoscope insert through the mouth into stomach with insert some instrument inside its canal. Technique of insertion endoscope with lower radiation dose for the experienced endoscopists, patient and who stay in ERCP room. Nowadays, ERCP is most common done in world, so most of the people know about it.